نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ابراهیم بهشتی جاوید ¹
• فریبا اسفندیاری ²
• شـهرام روستایی ³

¹ دانشجوی دکتری ژئومورفولوژی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.

² هیات علمی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی

³ استاد و عضو هیئت علمی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

چکیده
یکی از مسائل مطرح در هیدرولوژی یک منطقه تولید رواناب و مساله سیل­خیزی است. لندفرم­ها با توجه به مورفومتری که دارند نقش مهمی را در ایجاد رواناب و سیل­خیزی ایفا می­کنند. در این پژوهش با استفاده از استخراج لندفرم­ها و لایه­های کاربری زمین، پوشش­گیاهی، جنس سازندها، بارش و کاربری زمین اقدام به پهنه­بندی سیل­خیزی در دامنه­های شمالی سبلان شده است تا از این طریق اثرات مورفومتری لندفرم­ها در هیدرولوژی منطقه بررسی شود. برای استخراج لندفرم­ها از روش­ شی­گرا در محیط نرم­افزار Ecognition استفاده شد. ترکیب این لایه با لایه­های کاربری زمین، تراکم پوشش گیاهی، جنس سازندها، بارندگی و تراکم شبکه­ی آبراهه با استفاده از روش منطق فازی صورت گرفت و نقشه­ی پهنه­بندی پتانسیل سیل­خیزی برای منطقه به دست آمد. نتایج کار نشان داد در بین 14 لندفرم استخراج شده برای منطقه سه لندفرم دره­های کوچک کوهستانی، شانه­خط­الراس و دامنه­ی مستقیم، بیشترین تأثیر را در سیل­خیزی دارند و به ترتیب  3/67­­، 9/62 و 2/53 درصد از سطح آنها به عنوان زمین­های با سیل­خیزی زیاد و خیلی­زیاد پهنه­بندی شده است. در مقابل لندفرم­­های از نوع دشتی و چاله­ها به صورت مناطق کم­خطر از نظر سیل­خیزی پهنه­بندی شداند. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده از پژوهش می­توان گفت تولید رواناب و سیل­خیزی در سطح زمین به شدت تحت تأثیر مورفومتری لندفرم­ها قرار دارد که در کنار سایر پارمترهای محیطی می­تواند در مطالعه هیدرولوژی مناطق بسیار مفید باشد.

تازه های تحقیق

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کلیدواژه‌ها

• کلمات کلیدی: لندفرم
• مورفومتری
• هیدرولوژی
• Ecognition
• سبلان

20.1001.1.23833254.1397.5.16.10.8

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Morphometric Effect of Landforms on Hydrological Processes of the Basin (Case Study: Northern Slopes of Sabalan)

نویسندگان [English]

• Ebrahim Beheshti Javid ¹
• Fariba Esfandiyari Darabad ²
• Shahram Rostei ³

¹ Geomorphology Ph.D. student, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

² - Associate professor and Faculty Member of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil,

³ - Professor and Faculty Member of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Abstract
Introduction
Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative land-surface analysis (Pike, 1995, 2000a; Raseman et al., 2004). It is an interdisciplinary field that has evolved from mathematics, the Earth sciences, and most recently computer sciences (Pike et al, 2008, 3). It  is  well  to  keep  in  mind  the  two  overarching  modes  of  geomorphometric analysis first distinguished by Evans (1972) as specific, addressing discrete surface features (i.e.  Landforms), and general, treating the continuous land surface. The morphometry of landforms per se, with or without the use of digital data, is more correctly considered part of the quantitative geomorphology (Thorn, 1988; Scheidegger, 1991; Leopold et al., 1995; Rhoads &Thorn, 1996). The shape of terrain, i.e. landforms, influences flow of surface water, transport of sediments, and soil production, and determines climate on local and regional scales. Furthermore, natural phenomena like vegetation are directly influenced by landform patterns and their relative position across the landscape (Blaszczynski 1997; Blaschke & Strobl, 2003).  
The  Earth’s  surface  is  structured  into  landforms  as  a  result  of  the  cumulative influence of geomorphic, geological, hydrological, ecological, and soil forming processes that have acted on over time. Landforms define boundary conditions for processes operative in the fields of geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, pedology and others (Dikau, 1989; Dikau et al., 1995; Pike, 1995, 2000a; Dehn et al., 2001). In this study, using MRS algorithms and Ecognition software, landforms in the northern slopes of Mount Sabalan have been extracted and the effects of Landform morphometry on its hydrology have been investigated
Methodology
The semi-automated methods refer to the automatic procedures of extracting a landform based-process. This is mainly relying on unsupervised isodata classification, pixel-based classification (supervised /subpixel classifier based on training material), the analysis of digital elevation models (DEM), algorithms, hydrological modelling, and object oriented analysis (Nabil and Moawad, 2014:42).
In this study object-oriented methods and Ecognition software were used for the classification and the extraction of landforms. The object-oriented classification was used as an alternative to traditional pixel-based classifications, to cluster grid cells into homogeneous objects, which can be classified as geomorphological features (Seijmonsbergen, 2012). In addition, the DEM and its derivation (Slope, Profile and plan curvatures, maximum and minimum curvatures), were used in order to extract landforms. Then, using fuzzy logic method, the landform, land use, NDVI index , precipitation, density of river, and lithology layers were Overlaid and the potential flooding area was obtained.
Results and Discussion
 In the object-oriented method, determining the scale parameter is a very important factor in the separation of different objects in an image. Scale parameter is a crucial threshold that determines the maximum allowed heterogeneity for segmentation and has a direct influence on the size of the objects to be obtained. The scale parameter, after a trial and error process, is recognized to be within a particular range (Gerçek, 2010:115). A novel method that was introduced by Dragut et al. (2010) and the ‘Estimation of Scale Parameter (ESP) that built on the idea of ‘Local Variance’ (LV) were employed to obtain the optimum scale out of a range of scales. By   interpreting thresholds and prominent peaks in the ROC-LV graph, characteristic scales relative to data properties at the scene level could be found. This curve in 100 scale level was produced for the study area by using the ESP software and with respect to curve, the scale of 25 was selected for the segmentation. After segmentation, using the morphometric differences between the landforms, the landforms were extracted. After this stage, the landforms along with three layers of NDVI index, land use, and lithology was fuzzy. Finally, using gamma 0.8, they were combined and the zoning map of the potential flooding was estimated. Flood zoning map was classified into 5 classes and the percentage of each zone risk was calculated in each landform. 
 Conclusion
In this research, using an object-oriented model, landforms were extracted as plain, peak, pit, ridge, channel, nose, shoulder slope, hollow shoulder, spur, planar slope, hollow, spur foot slope, and hollow foot. An assessment of the effect of landforms on the hydrology of the area revealed that three landforms of hollow, shoulder and planar slope which were respectively 67.3%, 62.9%, and 53.2% had the greatest impact on flooding and their area were zoned as high and very high flooding. On the other hand, plain and pit landforms were zoned in the form of low and very low flooding areas.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Keywords: Landforms
• Hydrology
• Morphometry
• Ecognition
• sabalan