نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادگروه مهندسی طبیعت، دانشکده ی منابع طبیعی و محیطزیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران

2 گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر

چکیده

کیفیت پایدار آب رودخانه‌ها به یکی از نگرانی‌های اصلی در کشورهای در حال توسعه تبدیل شده است، لذا پایش کیفیت آب این منابع برای مصارف مختلف برای تدوین خط مشی مدیریت سلامت عمومی و محیط زیست بسیار ضروری است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر ارزیابی کیفیت آب سیستم رودخانه کارون و دز در استان خوزستان و بررسی مناسب بودن کیفیت آب آنها برای مصارف شرب و کشاورزی است. بدین منظور، از تکنیک‌ها و شاخص‌های مختلف و نیز آنالیزهای آماری برای ارزیابی تغییرات مکانی-زمانی در تفسیر مجموعه داده‌های بزرگ و پیچیده 12 پارامتر کیفیت آب گردآوری شده از حوضه رودخانه کارون و دز در بازه زمانی 17 ساله (1398-1382) استفاده شد. ارزیابی روند تغییرات کیفیت آب در بازه زمانی مطالعاتی نیز نشان داد که براساس WQI، کیفیت آب رودخانه کارون و دز از سال 1382 تا 1386 به ترتیب در طبقه "بسیار ضعیف" و "ضعیف" و از سال 1387 تا 1397 در طبقه"نامناسب" و "بسیار ضعیف" است. در خصوص پارامترهای آبیاری نیز نبود روند مشخصی در مقادیر آنها می‌تواند بیانگر عدم تأثیر کیفیت آب رودخانه‌ها از عوامل طبیعی و تبعیت آن‌ها از عوامل انسانی باشد. به‌طورکلی، این مطالعه اهمیت استفاده از شاخص‌های کیفیت آب را بیان می‌کند که تفسیر ساده‌ای از داده‌های پایش را برای کمک به جوامع محلی در بهبود کیفیت آب ارائه می‌دهد، چرا که براساس این شاخص‌ها و PCA، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که فعالیت‌های انسانی مرتبط در امتداد ساحل رودخانه‌های کارون و دز به ویژه در سال‌های اخیر بر کیفیت آب آنها تأثیر گذار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comprehensive Assessment of Surface Water Quality and Their Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Uses (Case Study of Karun and Dez River Basin)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Ildoromi 1
  • nasrin hassanzadeh 2
  • fariba hedayetzadeh 2

1 Professor, Department of Nature Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

2 Environmental Science Department, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

چکیده [English]

Sustainable quality of rivers water has become one of the main concerns in developing countries, so monitoring the water quality of these resources for various uses is essential to formulate a public health and environmental management policy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the water quality of Karun and Dez river systems in Khuzestan province and to analyze the suitability of their water quality for drinking and agricultural purposes. To this end, various techniques, indicators and statistical analyzes are used to evaluate spatio-temporal changes in the interpretation of large and complex datasets of 12 water quality parameters collected from the Karun and Dez river basins over a period of 17 years (2003-2019).Evaluation of the trend of water quality changes in the study period also showed that according to WQI, the water quality of Karun and Dez rivers from 2003 to 2007 are in the category of "very poor"and "poor", and from 2008 to 2018 in the "unsuitable" and "very poor"category, respectively. Regarding irrigation parameters, the lack of a clear trend in their values can indicate the lack of effect of river water quality from natural factors and their obedience with human factors. Overall, this study highlights the importance of using water quality indicators that provide a simple interpretation of monitoring data to help improve water quality, because based on these indicators and PCA, it can be concluded that related human activities along the banks of the Karun and Dez rivers, especially in recent years, affect their water quality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Water Quality
  • Irrigation Indices
  • Multivariate Statistical Techniques
  • Spatial Distribution
  • Karun and Dez River
Al-Saffawi, A.Y., Al-Shanoona, R.A., & Alobidy, O.M. (2021). Application weight mathematical model (WQI) to assess water quality for irrigation: A case study of Tigris River in Nineveh governorate, In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 735(1), 012061.
Aydin, H., Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., & Soylu, E.N. (2021). Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods, Environmental Forensics, 22(1-2), 270-287. 
Barakat, A., Baghdadi, M.E., Rais, J., Aghezzaf, B., & Slassi, M.M. (2016) Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques, International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(4), 284-292.
Berhe, B.A. (2020). Evaluation of groundwater and surface water quality suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Kombolcha town area, eastern Amhara region, Ethiopia, Applied Water Science, 10(6), 1-17.
Boye, B.A., Falconer, R.A., & Akande, K., (2015). Integrated water quality modelling: application to the ribble basin, U.K, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 9, 187–199.
Chabuk, A., Al-Madhlom, Q., Al-Maliki, A., Al-Ansari, N., Hussain, H. M., & Laue, J. (2020). Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(14), 1-23.
Das, A., & Tripathi, B. (2021). Water Quality and Hydrochemical Assessment for Irrigation on Baitarani River Basin, Odisha, Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), 18(3), 63-107.
Davoudi Moghaddam, D., Haghizadeh, A., Tahmasebipour, N., & Zeinivand, H. (2021). Spatial and Temporal Water Quality Analysis of a Semi-Arid River for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes Using Water Quality Indices and GIS, ECOPERSIA, 9(2), 79-93.
Eaton, F.M. (1950). Significance of carbonate irrigation water, Soil Science, 69(2), 123–133.
El Osta, M., Masoud, M., Alqarawy, A., Elsayed, S., & Gad, M. (2022). Groundwater Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation Using Water Quality Indices and Multivariate Modeling in Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia. Water, 14(3), 483.
Igbinosa, E.O., & Okoh, A.I. (2009). Impact of discharge wastewater effluents on the physico-chemical qualities of a receiving watershed in a typical rural community, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6, 175–182.
Karakaya, N., & Evrendilek, F. (2010). Water quality time series for Big Melen stream (Turkey): Its decomposition analysis and comparison to upstream, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 165(1–4), 125–136.
Karimi Jashnia. A., & Salari Dargi, M. (2015). Water Quality Assessment for the Rivers Karoon, Dez and Karkheh, South West of Iran, Environment and Development Journal, 5(10), 29-38.
Kelly, W.P. (1963). Use of saline irrigation water, Soil Science, 95, 355–391.
Khanoranga, K.S. (2019). An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 197, 14–26.
Kianpoor Barjooi Raki, M., & Drikvand, E. (2020). Evaluation of water quality changes in Karun River for drinking, Quarterly Journal on Water Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shooshtar Branch, 8(1), 12-22.
Kianpoor barjooi raki, M., & Drikvand, E. (2020). Karun River Water Quality Assessment Using GIS Software, Water Engineering, 8(2), 1-11.
Kim, S.E., & Seo, I.W. (2015). Artificial Neural Network ensemble modeling with conjunctive data clustering for water quality prediction in rivers, Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 9, 325–339.
Kumar, B., Singh, U. K., & Ojha, S. N. (2019). Evaluation of geochemical data of Yamuna River using WQI and multivariate statistical analyses: a case study, International Journal of River Basin Management, 17(2), 143-155.
Madadinia, M., Monavari, M., Karbasi, A., Nabavi, M. B., & Rajabzade, E. (2014). Study on water quality of Karoun River (Ahvaz region) using water quality index, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(1), 49-60.
Moravej, M., Karimirad, I., & Ebrahimi, K. (2017). Evaluation of Karun river water quality status based on water quality index and involving GIS environment, Iranian journal of Ecohydrology, 4(1), 225-235.
Mukate, S., Wagh, V., Panaskar, D., Jacobs, J.A., & Sawant, A., (2019). Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water, Eco-Indicator, 101, 348–354.
Mutlu, E. (2019). Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Zerveli stream (northern Turkey) based on water quality index and multivariate statistical analyses, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(6), 335.
Nath, T.K., & Das, B. T.A. (2018). Assessment of Water Quality of Baitarani River, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 7(7), 319-328.
Nazari, E., Egdernezhad, A., & Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, R. (2020). Monitoring of Khuzistan water resources quality for domestic, industrial and irrigation usage using IRWQIsc and NSFWQI indices, Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 6(2), 117-133.
Neissi, L., & Tishehzan, P. (2018). Dez River Water Quality assessment by using multivariate statistical methods, Irrigation and Water Engineering, 9(1), 139-150.
Nienie, A.B., Sivalingam, P., Laffite, A., Ngelinkoto, P., Otamonga, J.P., Matand, A., Mulaji, C. K., Mubedi, J.I., Mpiana, P.T., & Pote, J. (2017). Seasonal variability of water 16 H. AYDIN ET AL. quality by physicochemical indexes and traceable metals in suburban area in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(2),158–165.
Qureshimatva, U.M., Maurya, R.R., Gamit, S.B., Patel, R.D., & Solanki, H.A. (2015). Determination of physico-chemical parameters and Water Quality Index (WQI) of Chandlodia Lake, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology, 5, 288.
Richards, L.A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agricultural handbook no.60. United States Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
Saha, R., Dey, N.C., Rahman, S., Galagedara, L., & Bhattacharya, P., (2018). Exploring suitable sites for installing safe drinking water wells in coastal Bangladesh, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 7, 91–100.
Salari, M., Radmanesh, F., & Zarei, H. (2013). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of Karoon River water using NSFWQI index and AHP method, Human & Environment, 10(23), 13-22.
Sener, S., Sener, E., & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey), Science of the Total Environment, 584, 131–144.
Shah, B., Kansara, B., Shanker, J., Soni, M., Bhimjiyani, P., Bhanushali, T., Shah, M., & Sircar, A., (2019). Reckoning of water quality for irrigation and drinking purposes in the konkan geothermal provinces, Maharashtra, India, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 9, 100247.
Sharma, C.M., Kang, S., Tripathee, L., Paudyal, R., & Sillanpää, M. (2021). Major ions and irrigation water quality assessment of the Nepalese Himalayan rivers, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(2), 2668-2680.
Shatti, S., & Akhoond-ali, A. (2019). The effects of gotvand olia dam impoundment on the water quality of Karun River. Iranian Dam and Hydroelectric Powerplant, 6 (21), 26-36.
Shil, S., Singh, U.K., & Mehta, P. (2019). Water quality assessment of a tropical river using water quality index (WQI), multivariate statistical techniques and GIS, Applied Water Science, 9(7), 1-21.
Singh, K.R., Goswami, A.P., Kalamdhad, A.S., & Kumar, B. (2020). Development of irrigation water quality index incorporating information entropy, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22, 3119–3132.
Sudhakaran, S., Mahadevan, H., Arun, V., Krishnakumar, A.P., & Krishnan, K.A. (2020). A multivariate statistical approach in assessing the quality of potable and irrigation water environs of the Netravati River basin (India), Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 11, 100462.
Tas., B., Tepe, Y., Ustao_glu, F., & Alptekin, S. (2019). Benthic algal diversity and water quality evaluation by biological approach of Turnasuyu Creek, NE Turkey, Desalination and Water Treatment, 155, 402–415.
Tepe, Y., & Aydin, H. (2017). Water quality assessment of an urban water, Batlama Creek (Giresun), Turkey by applying multivariate statistical techniques, Fresenius Environment Bulletin, 26, 6413–6420.
Tepe, Y., & Cebi, A. (2019). Acrylamide in environmental water: A review on sources, exposure, and public health risks, Exposure and Health, 11(1), 3–12.
Tirkey, P., Bhattacharya, T., Chakraborty, S., & Baraik, S. (2017). Assessment of groundwater quality and associated health risks: a case study of Ranchi city, Jharkhand, India, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 5, 85–100.
Todd, D.K. (1995). Groundwater Hydrology. John Wiley and Sons Publications, 3rd Ed, New York.
Ustaoglu, F., Tepe, Y., & Tas., B. (2020). Assessment of stream quality and health risk in a subtropical Turkey river system: A combined approach using statistical analysis and water quality index, Ecological Indicators, 113(105815), 1-12.
Wang, J., Liu, G., Liu, H., & Lam, P. K. (2017). Multivariate statistical evaluation of dissolved trace elements and a water quality assessment in the middle reaches of Huaihe River, Anhui, China, Science of the total environment, 583, 421-431.
Wilcox, L.V. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation water. Washington DC: US Department of Agriculture.
World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking- Water Quality. Vol. 216. Geneva: World Health Organization. 303–304.
Xiao, J., Wang, L., Deng, L., & Jin, Z. (2019). Characteristics, sources, water quality and health risk assessment of trace elements in river water and well water in the Chinese Loess Plateau, The Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2004–2012.
Yadav, A.K., Khan, P., & Sharma, S.K. (2012). Water quality index assessment of groundwater in Todaraisingh Tehsil of Rajasthan State, India - A Greener approach, Journal of Chemistry, 7, 428–432.
Yidana, S.M. (2010). Groundwater classification using multivariate statistical methods: Birimian Basin, Ghana, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136, 1379–1388.