Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2015, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
Security of water has been one of the most important issues in the world from the early days to present. Water supplies have always been valuable resources used by people. In the current situation with the rising population, agriculture and industrial developments, high demand for water, uncontrolled ...
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Security of water has been one of the most important issues in the world from the early days to present. Water supplies have always been valuable resources used by people. In the current situation with the rising population, agriculture and industrial developments, high demand for water, uncontrolled and unprincipled exploitation, droughts, and climatic fluctuations, the knowledge of the potential capacity in water supplies in each area is an essential factor in making decision for conservation and optimum utilization of water resources. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the effective hydrogeomorphological factors on water supply and replacement of settlements in Miandoab plain. To accomplish this, Satellite images - the image of TM, 2011 - were used. Factors like the slope, lithology, land use, distance to fault, distance from river, rainfall, elevation and vegetation were prepared in GIS environment. Then, the layers were weighted by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results showed that Analytic Hierarchy Process proved more efficient in determining the effective hydro- geomorphological factors on water supply in area under study. It also showed that the interpretation of the coefficients, distance from river, rainfall and altitude, have an important role in this field.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2015, , Pages 1-24
Abstract
Among all natural disasters floods inflict the greatest damages to agriculture, fisheries, housing and infrastructure seriously affecting the social and economic activities of many people around the world. The many floods which have struck the city of Maku, especially northern mountainous sub ...
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Among all natural disasters floods inflict the greatest damages to agriculture, fisheries, housing and infrastructure seriously affecting the social and economic activities of many people around the world. The many floods which have struck the city of Maku, especially northern mountainous sub basins, leaving behind financial losses and damages to human lives indicates a necessity of an integrate study about flooding in the upstream basins of the region. In this study, first, physiographic characteristics of the study area were determined by using satellite imagery, GIS and WMS analytic functions. Then, the flood zone area was identified, with emphasis on the city of Maku, and finally, the stream flooding was analyzed in the city skeleton. The results showed that rough topography, low thickness of the separate elements on bed rock and their low capacity for water storage, poor vegetation, violating the flood boundaries and changing them to artificial land, provides the conditions for the devastating floods especially during the showery precipitation in the dry seasons. As the findings show the runoff from a rainfall with the 120 mm/h intensity was estimated about 2.5 million m3, that 338000 m3 of it was obtained from the small watershed areas overlooking the city.
Sayyad Asghari Sarskanroon; Batool Zeinali; Nader Poornariman
Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 2017, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Rivers are dynamic systems that lateral boundaries and their morphologic characteristics are changing in time continuously. This instability is created by erodibility of river bed and consequently river patterns changing. Case study of this research is Germi Chay in East Azerbaijan province. ...
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Rivers are dynamic systems that lateral boundaries and their morphologic characteristics are changing in time continuously. This instability is created by erodibility of river bed and consequently river patterns changing. Case study of this research is Germi Chay in East Azerbaijan province. The purposes of this study are investigation of river patterns and determining erodibility of river route. For these used Landsat satellite images, digital elevation model (DEM), vegetation, geologic and land use maps. In order to determining of river pattern and its Effective factors were used Sinuosity, Central angle indexes and longitudinal profile analysis. Finally river erodibility classes were determined in 5 classes by overlaying effective layers in erodibility. Results indicated pattern of studied river is meandering. Longitudinal profile analysis in both intervals indicated that changing of situation is not seen in longitudinal profile and these changes are in a normal state. This is indicator regular trend in effective factors of river morphological actions. Also results indicated that erodible areas of Medium to high and high are in parts with Structures sensitive to erosion (mainly Quaternary sediments), the lack of suitable and dense vegetation that are caused slope movements in river bed.
Taher Rajayee; Fatemeh Pouraslan
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2017, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
Taher Rajayee[1]* Fatemeh Pouraslan[2] Abstract In this article, a hybrid, artificial neural network-geostatistics (Kriging) methodology is utilized to predict the spatiotemporal groundwater level in Davarzan plain in Khorasan Razavi province in Iran. The data for the study were the groundwater levels ...
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Taher Rajayee[1]* Fatemeh Pouraslan[2] Abstract In this article, a hybrid, artificial neural network-geostatistics (Kriging) methodology is utilized to predict the spatiotemporal groundwater level in Davarzan plain in Khorasan Razavi province in Iran. The data for the study were the groundwater levels of 5 piezometers from September 2003 to April 2012 which were recorded on monthly basis. Neural network was used for predict the groundwater level of the successive months and geostatistic were used to estimate the groundwater level at any desired point in the plain. To determine the accuracy and efficiency of model, the method was tested on a new piezometer (Bagherabad) at the first stage. The results were compared with the actual value. And the results (E=0.812) show the efficiency of model. Then, based on appropriate achieved results, the groundwater level was predicted in the month ahead. The results show that neural network with average coefficient of determination (E=0.688) and Gaussian variogram with (R2=0.657) had high efficiency for predicting the groundwater level in this plain. [1]- Assistant Prof., Dept., of Civil Eng.; University of Qom; Iran (Corresponding author), Email:taher_rajaee@yahoo.com. [2]- M.A Student; Hydraulic Structures; University of Qom; Iran.
Sayyad Asghari Sarskanrood; Mahdi Poorahmed
Volume 2, Issue 5 , January 2017, , Pages 1-16
Abstract
Variations in route and morphology of the rivers are among the important characteristics of floodplains. Since these variations occur within time scale, it is appropriate to study those using remote sensing techniques. This study aims to identify and extract part of Zarineh Rud river variation from 1989 ...
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Variations in route and morphology of the rivers are among the important characteristics of floodplains. Since these variations occur within time scale, it is appropriate to study those using remote sensing techniques. This study aims to identify and extract part of Zarineh Rud river variation from 1989 to 2014 using landsat satellite images. To gain this objective, radiometric and geometric modifications have been carried out in the first phase. Afterward, the images have been developed by linear method for enhancing the resolution. Then, by principal component analysis and band combination, the best component and band were determined. By adding these components and bands to ArcGIS, the river range within the mentioned time span was extracted and analyzed. Furthermore, for quantitative analysis of the river route variation, curvature coefficient and Fereaktaly dimension indices were used to compare the different years. It was found that there is a low potential in river to have morphologic variations in different parts. This is due to the fact that there has been a negligible change in river flow rate since 2000. The highest variation is observed in 1989. Instability of the river route during the studied time span was very low, except for one of the river’s twists from the 1989 pattern. The results of river extraction methods also confirmed that principal component analysis for identifying the border line of the river is more appropriate than the other methods.
Davood Mokhtari; Fatemeh Mohammazadeh Golani; Mohammadreza Nikjoo; Shamsollah Asghari
Volume 3, Issue 6 , January 2017, , Pages 1-16
Abstract
Estimates of Erosion Sediment of Gavi River Catchment Using Mpsiac Method in GIS Environment Davood Mokhtari[1] Fatemeh Mohammazadeh Golani[2]* Mohammadreza Nikjoo[3] Shamsollah Asghari[4] Abstract Gavi river catchment is located in the south west of Ilam city covering the area of 460 km² ...
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Estimates of Erosion Sediment of Gavi River Catchment Using Mpsiac Method in GIS Environment Davood Mokhtari[1] Fatemeh Mohammazadeh Golani[2]* Mohammadreza Nikjoo[3] Shamsollah Asghari[4] Abstract Gavi river catchment is located in the south west of Ilam city covering the area of 460 km² where different types of erosion incidences are noticeable therefore, estimating the amount of erosion and deposition is essential for soil and water conservation projects. The method of this study is based on litrature review, field and empirical models of erosion and sedimentation estimation. Empirical model of MPSIAC whit considers the most effective parameters in erosion and sediment is used as a chosen technique and the environmental parameters are analyzed in this format. At the end the results were compared to Bajk strait sediment station. GIS software is used to prepare the information layers. The results show that MPSIAC model is a good model in this area, because as a sample, the estimated amount of sediment in the area using MPSIAC model was 20.453 tons per square kilometer of sediment per year and estimated sediment in hydrometeric station of Bajak strait is 23.460 tons per year. It was also observed that the estimated sediment in this basin is in erosional Class4 and in terms of quality classification, erosion is in high level and according to the definition of this level it can be said that in this basin the relocation of the soil particles (dust) is in a rate that accomplishment of soil and water conservation programs should be in priority and lands usage should be limited. Keywords: Gavi catchment, Erosion and sediment, MPSIAC, GIS. [1]- Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [2]- Master Student of Geography, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, Email:fa.mohammadzade@yahoo.com. [3]- Associate Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [4]- Lecture of Agricultural Research Center of Ilam Province.
Mousa Abedini; Rogayeh Fathi Jokadan
Volume 3, Issue 7 , October 2016, , Pages 1-17
Abstract
Mousa Abedini[1]* Rogayeh Fathi Jokadan[2] Abstract Today flood phenomena is one of the most complex hazardous events, every year more than other natural disaster that caused causality, financial damage and destroyed the agricultural land. Therefore, this research at first has studied the effective ...
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Mousa Abedini[1]* Rogayeh Fathi Jokadan[2] Abstract Today flood phenomena is one of the most complex hazardous events, every year more than other natural disaster that caused causality, financial damage and destroyed the agricultural land. Therefore, this research at first has studied the effective variables in the occurrence of the flood, such as (slope, geology, land and ranking the run off streams). Next, these variables have been entered in to GIS software, then based on their level of importance have been given some weights. Finally, by merging the layers and analyzing them the floodwater risk zonation map created with four zones of risk including: 1- high probability risk zone, 2- relative high probability zone, 3- moderate probability zone and 4- low probability zone. The investigation of natural conditions shows that there are many natural variables for floodwater event. According to the zoning map of floodwater, the high probability risk zone is about 18.86 percent (113.53 square km), the relative high probability zone is about 35.68 percent (215.9 square km), the moderate probability zone is about 29.66 percent (179.29 square km) and the low probability zone is about 15.8 percent (94.58 square km). The findings of the present study show that due to the having average annual of precipitation 1058.7, high slope, and relatively impermeable formations in addition having circle form have relatively high potential in flooding. Keywords: Hydro geomorphology, floodwater, Karganruod basin, Zoning, Arc GIS. [1]- Associate Professor of Geomorphology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabilm, (Corresponding Autor), Email:abedini@uma.ac.ir. [2]- Master's Graduates in Geomorphology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil.
Hasan Fathizan; Hamid Alipoor; Seideh Negar Hasheminasab; Haji Karimi
Volume 3, Issue 8 , December 2016, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Hasan Fathizad[1]* Hamid Alipoor[2] Seideh Negar Hasheminasab[3] Haji Karimi[4] Abstract Groundwater is considered as an important part of renewable waters of the world. With the increasing population, urbanization trend, etc., the demand for these resources, day by day is increasing. Nowadays, ...
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Hasan Fathizad[1]* Hamid Alipoor[2] Seideh Negar Hasheminasab[3] Haji Karimi[4] Abstract Groundwater is considered as an important part of renewable waters of the world. With the increasing population, urbanization trend, etc., the demand for these resources, day by day is increasing. Nowadays, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) has become one of the most powerful and affordable tools for assessing and exploration of accessible groundwater resources. The purpose of this study is to identify potential areas of groundwater in the Mahdishahr area located in Semnan using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), remote sensing, and GIS. The parameters which are considered to identify the areas of potential groundwater are: lithological units, lineaments, slope, topography, drainage density, vegetation, and isoheytal maps which prepared by using the 1:50000 scale topographic maps, digital elevation model, ETM+ satellite images, 1:250000 scale geological map, and precipitation data of meteorology stations by remote sensing and GIS techniques. To determine potential areas of groundwater, all layers in different classes were weighted through hierarchical analysis and after modeling in the GIS medium, Mahdishahr basin was subdivided in the groundwater potential point of view. The results showed that among the 7 examined criteria determined by the expertise and analytic hierarchy process method, the geology and lineaments have relative importance of 0.33 and 0.22 respectively as the highest priority in groundwater potential determination in this area. Quaternary alluviums including old and new terraces and alluvial deposits have the highest relative importance and desirability in the study area. Terrace storages and old elevated and recent low elevation alluvial fans are as fair potential groundwater area. [1]- Ph.D. Student in Department of management the arid and desert regions, College of Natural Resources and Desert, Yazd University, Iran; hasan.fathizad@gmail.com. [2]- Ph.D. Student in Department of management the arid and desert regions, College of Natural Resources and Desert, Yazd University, Iran. [3]- M.A.of Management the arid and desert regions. [4]- Associate professor of Pasture and Watershed, Ilam University, Iran.
Azra Khosravi; Adel Sepehr; Zahra Abdollahzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Fractal dimension is a parameter used to indicate the complexity of data. The analysis of fractal dimension of river networks and their basins facilitate the perdition of their behavior in the future. This paper focuses on the relationship between fractal dimensions of basins and the morphometric characteristics ...
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Fractal dimension is a parameter used to indicate the complexity of data. The analysis of fractal dimension of river networks and their basins facilitate the perdition of their behavior in the future. This paper focuses on the relationship between fractal dimensions of basins and the morphometric characteristics of drainage networks. Therefore, through an analysis of fractal dimension of basins and its comparison with morphometric characteristics, the fractal behavior of these basins are investigated. At the first, six rivers including Torough, Golestan, Esjil, Golmakan, Frizi and Akhlamad located in the northern slopes of Binaloud were selected. The boundaries of basins were determined using aerial photos, imagery data, and topographic maps. Then, hydromorphometric and hydrologic parameters such as length of each river network, the number of networks, basin area, the main channel length of each basin and their fractal dimensions were measured. Results showed the basin of Esjil and Torough Rivers indicate highest and lowest fractal dimension respectively. The results also indicated a significant and meaningful relationship between fractal dimensions of basins, drainage networks, forms, final patterns and morphometric characteristics. Moreover, we found an inverse relationship between the fractal dimension and the area of basins under study. Accordingly, Esjil basin with the lowest area (226.79 km) shows the highest river bifurcation fractal dimension of (3.21) while Torogh basin with the greatest basin area (2370.4 km) indicates the lowest river bifurcation fractal dimension (1.74). In this context, a positive relationship was observed between morphometric parameters and fractal dimension of river bifurcation and drainage density, so that the greatest correlation coefficient was found between the fractal dimension of river bifurcation and the shape of the basin (0.939). Furthermore, the highest correlation was between the fractal dimension of drainage density and bifurcation ratio (0.937).
Davood Mokhtari; Somayyeh Moazzez; Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh Golani
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, , Pages 1-19
Abstract
Water supply has been one of the most important issues in human life since the ancient times. Surface and underground water resources are valuable resources that supply fresh water to human use. Regarding the increase in human population, agricultural and industrial development, and overusing water, ...
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Water supply has been one of the most important issues in human life since the ancient times. Surface and underground water resources are valuable resources that supply fresh water to human use. Regarding the increase in human population, agricultural and industrial development, and overusing water, the study of any area's water potentials is essential for its protection and efficient water use. In this study, the prioritization of hydro-geomorphological factors in water supply and allocating appropriate settlements were investigated. In addition, the TM image of Landsat Satellite, 2011, were used. The selected Hydro-geomorphological factors included slope, slope direction, lithology, land use, and the like, which were prepared in the GIS environment. Then, through the analysis of a hierarchical process, weighting of the layer was performed. The accuracy of the measurement in this study was verified using the comparison of the obtained results with all layer information as the standard. It was revealed that the places which were marked as very suitable and suitable had the best conditions. It could be concluded that the process of AHP has a better function in determining hydro-geomorphological factors in water supply and identifying the allocation of settlements. In addition, the interpretation of the results revealed that the distance from the river, rain fall and elevation the most significant factors.
Ahad Habibzadeh; Shahram Roostaei; Mohhamad Reza Nikjoo; Atta Allah Nadiri
Volume 4, Issue 11 , September 2017, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Quaternary deposits as the major sources of fresh water for humans have often been influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industry, and the like. The Tasuj plain is located in 45°18 to 45° 32 E and 38°20 to 38°24 N in north of Lake Urmia in East Azarbyjan province. ...
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Quaternary deposits as the major sources of fresh water for humans have often been influenced by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, industry, and the like. The Tasuj plain is located in 45°18 to 45° 32 E and 38°20 to 38°24 N in north of Lake Urmia in East Azarbyjan province. This plain is one of the sub-basins of Lake Urmia which is surrounded by 12 major plains. The Tasuj basin is about 558 km2. This includes 302 km2 of the Tasuj plain and 256 km2 of Mount Mishu. The study area is surrounded by Lake Urmia (south), Mount Mishu (north), the Salmas Plain (west), and the Shabestar Plain (east). The highest elevation of the Tasuj basin is 3,133 m above the sea level (amsl) at the Peak of Mount Alamdar and the lowest elevation is 1,274 m near Lake Urmia. In the Tasuj basin, only a few seasonal rivers, originating from Mount Mishu, may appear. These seasonal rivers can flood the Tasuj plain in wet seasons. The seasonal rivers are the Amestejan, Angoshtejan, Almas, Chehregan, Tiran, Cheshmekonan, Sheikhvali, Sheikhmarjan, and Ghelmansara. Methodology The conceptual model represents the dimensions, directions, and circumstances of the distribution of the deposits. This research was based on the stratigraphy, the conceptual model of Quaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain, north of Lake Urmia. This simulation was carried out using the GMS software, based on 28 geological logs of observation wells and 78 geoelectrical sounding per geoelectrical sections. The application menus of this software including GIS, TINs, Solids, Boreholes, 3D Gride, and 3D scatter point were used in the research. Results and Discussion Quaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain were divided into 5 classes of strata, including (Qal), (Q3), (Q2), (Q1), and (Qmf). The results showed that Q2 deposits had an average permeability and contained fresh water aquifer in the eastern and southeastern areas. Although Q3 and Qal were located in 1320 m above sea levels (asml), the highest thickness (i.e., 190 m) was shown in 1550 m asml. These deposits spread horizontally in the whole area, but its vertical expansion was more in the northern and, particularly, in the north eastern areas. Q3 and Qal classes were characterized by high permeability and lack of clay. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that the conceptual-stratigraphic model has high efficiency in identifying the Quaternary deposits. The 3D-capable model can expand the point wise characteristics and thickness of Quaternary deposits in the study area using interpolation method. Quaternary deposits of the Tasuj plain were characterized as alluvial deposits (Qal), dry deposits (Q3), medium grain alluvial deposits (possibly water bearing) (Q2), fine grain alluvial deposits (possibly water bearing) (Q1), and clay (Qmf). In addition, the conceptual-spatial model of the quaternary deposits of the Tasuj aquifer showed that aquifer bedrock in the Galemaraghoosh-Shikhvaly was lower than other areas along the coast. There might be a buried deep valley from Almas to Tasuj, Galemaraghoosh.
Mojtaba Yamani; Abolghasem Goorabi; Shirin Mohammadkhan; Hamid Ganjaeian
Volume 4, Issue 12 , December 2017, , Pages 1-23
Abstract
Introduction Qorveh, one of the cities of Kordestan province, has high amount of precipitation and, consequently, a significant resource of water. Geological surveys, physiography and hydrology, and in particular field studies, have revealed rivers' significant role and influence on the formation ...
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Introduction Qorveh, one of the cities of Kordestan province, has high amount of precipitation and, consequently, a significant resource of water. Geological surveys, physiography and hydrology, and in particular field studies, have revealed rivers' significant role and influence on the formation of human activities and settlements. Unfortunately, much of the locally carried out planning has ignored hydro-geomorphological factors. In addition, population growth and the growth in residential and industrial areas have caused uneven progress of the residential areas towards the riverside which has, consequently, changed the natural shape of the river such as its width, length, slope, sediment, and the like. These problems shows the importance and necessity of thorough hydro-geomorphological studies. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the hydro-geomorphological status of the Shoor River's basin and evaluate the its lands' capabilities to develop urban areas, determine the optimum location based on hydro-geomorphological criteria, minimize the undesirable impacts of inhabitants of cities and villages on the highlands, especially the catchment areas, and minimize the harmful effects of the environmental hazards on agricultural products and inhabitants. Materials and methods The study is based on field, library, and software methods. Firstly, using the topographic maps, the study area of the basin was specified. In this study, 8 factors of lithology, faults, slope, aspect, elevation, distance from the river, vegetation, and land use were used in order to evaluate and zone suitable areas for urban development of Qorveh. After the preparation of the information layers, the coefficients and their values were estimated by the use of ANP model. In this model, like AHP, the measurement of the amount of the relative importance is done by pairwise comparisons with the help of the range of 1 to 9. Number 1 represents the equal importance of two factors and 9 represents the extreme importance of one factor over the other. To this end, for each model, a total of 15 questionnaires were distributed among specialists (5 Land use planning, 5 urban planning, and 5 geomorphology specialists) to rate each of the factors. After analyzing the questionnaires, to calculate the final weights of each criteria and subcriteria (according to the internal relations), Super Decisions software was used for the ANP model. Then, indicators and variables affecting urban development, using the Fuzzy function, were sub-Fuzzed and all layers of the study were standardized and compared. The coefficients were transmitted to the GIS polygonal descriptive databases to make them more quantitative and comparable. Finally, the final maps were made by overlaying the information layers maps. Discussion and results In the present study, to locate suitable areas for urban development, 8 factors were used and the classification was done. On this basis, the suitable areas for future development of the city have a slope of less than 11 %, the lithology persistent for building, low elevation, barren land use, and the changeable vegetation. In addition, they are distant from the fault lines and they are near the riverside. Additionally, the map of each criteria was prepared and the final map was obtained by combining the information layers, based on the weight obtained through ANP. Conclusion The ANP Model, because of having features such as simplicity, flexibility, simultaneous use of qualitative and quantitative criteria and final ranking of the options, can provide a suitable framework for analyzing the issue and determining the final ranking of the options. However, since allocating evaluation weights cannot provide enough reliability, the use of fuzzy logic, for more integration between layers and fixing possible errors, is needed. Finally, the study area was divided into five regions in terms of available potential and the ability for the purposes of the urban development. According to the criteria which was considered in this zoning, it can be said that, areas with the highest score, are located in ideal areas and away from danger. However, it should be noted that the significant presence of the geomorphologic phenomena, such as Bader and Parishan mounts in the southern parts of the study area, as well as the existence of faults in the southwest and southeast of the area have caused the basin to be in a very inappropriate class in relation to the development of the space. The results of this study indicate that the Shoor River's basin has a high potential for spatial development and urban planning in the future.
Tohid Rahimpour; Shahram Roostaei; Mahsa Nakhostinrouhi
Volume 4, Issue 13 , March 2018, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
Introduction A landslide is a natural phenomenon that often occurs because of falling down or seamless and quick movements of volumes of sediment along the slope. It has such speed and extent that it may influence tens or hundreds of cubic meters of rock and soil together. This phenomenon causes a lot ...
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Introduction A landslide is a natural phenomenon that often occurs because of falling down or seamless and quick movements of volumes of sediment along the slope. It has such speed and extent that it may influence tens or hundreds of cubic meters of rock and soil together. This phenomenon causes a lot of economic damages to forests and their growth, farmlands, gas and power transmission lines, mines, engineering structures, and buildings. One of the best ways to prevent these damages is preparing a landslide hazard map. Methodology The method used for zoning the Sardool Chay Basin is the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This is one of the most comprehensive multi-criteria decision methods, which was first presented in 1980 by Thomas L. Saati. This method is based on weighing each pair of variables with each other. AHP method consists of three main steps including (1) creating an Analytical Hierarchy, (2) comparing pairs of elements in it, and (3) weighing the criteria. The main feature of this method is the use of expert opinions. In AHP,n paired factors are compared with each other and more weight is given to the layer that has the maximum impact on the target set. The paired comparison of a scale, based on1 to 9, for its two components' relative weighing is hierarchical. Discussion In this study, the landslide hazard zonation was used in the Sardool Chaycatchment in order to identify areas with landslide incidence potential. The main factors contributing to the landslide occurrence in this case study consisted of geology, land use, slope, aspect, rainfall, altitude, distance from faults, and distance from stream. Their layers were prepared in ArcGIS software. An Analytical Hierarchy Process in Expert Choice software was used for paired comparisons of criteria and calculation of final weight. The results indicated that the geology criterion, which weighed 0.343, and the slope criterion, which weighed 0.215, had the most influences on landslide occurrence. Conclusion Landslide is one of the most common environmental hazards in mountainous areas of the northwest of Iran. Factors such as slope, rainfall, lithology, and earthquakes can trigger them. One of the best ways to deal with this phenomenon, before the implementation of any project, is the zonation mapping of the area. This study was based on the Sardool Chay catchment, located in Khalkhal, the southern part of Ardabil Province. To this end, 8 factors including geology, land use, slope, aspect, rainfall, altitude, distance from faults, and distance from stream were used. The weighting factors and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Expert Choice software were used. The results classified the basin into five areas including very high risk of landslides (65 km²), high risk (144 km²), medium risk (202 km²), low risk (142 km²), and very low risk (120 km²). In addition, it indicated that the landslide risk of the Sardool Chay catchment is medium. Comparing the landslide zonation map and points of distribution suggests that the AHP can be a good method of weighing the criteria involved in the happening of the landslide.
Gholam Hassn Jafari Jafari; Mehdi Abasi
Volume 5, Issue 14 , June 2018, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
Introduction Investigation of river terraces is one of the main issues in the field of river geomorphology. River terraces, as a medium of alluvial landforms and heritage of stratigraphy, are widely investigated by geomorphologists to understand the tectonic and climatic time. The formation of alluvial ...
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Introduction Investigation of river terraces is one of the main issues in the field of river geomorphology. River terraces, as a medium of alluvial landforms and heritage of stratigraphy, are widely investigated by geomorphologists to understand the tectonic and climatic time. The formation of alluvial terraces is primarily the result of tectonic rise alongside the cycling cycles. The edges of a river that is hard and resistant to geology are wall-bound or steep sloping, similar to water-breakers, and limit the number of the steppes to the alluvial terraces; but on the sides with a looser lithology, alluvial terraces are formed with a slight slope. Go up or down to the basin or the sea level changes are accompanied by a change in the slope along the river, creating tectonics alluvial terraces. Ghezel Owzan River, as one of Iran''s longest river systems, has well responded to lithological and tectonic factors. The Ghezel Ozan Basin is located in the northwest of Iran, and in latitude of 34° 53'' 21" to 37 ° to 56'' 2" north and longitude is 46 ° 27'' 43" to 49 ° 19'' 43 "east. The origin of the Ghezel Ozan River is from the heights of Chehel Cheshmeh Kordestan and with a length of more than 550 km, after crossing Zanjan, East Azarbaijan and Ardebil provinces, along with several streams along its path, intersects in the Guilan province with the river Shahroud and enters the reservoir of the Sefidrood Dam. Methodology Accordingly, river terraces are lithologically divided into marl, crystallized and conglomerate periods with the help of geological (1/100000) and topographic (1/50000) maps and using computer software such as Arc, GIS, Global Mapper, and Excel. River path is also lithologically and tectonically divided into eight periods and profiles of each period are drawn. In order for the collection of information, we have translated several English articles and examined various internal sources related to the subject matter of the research. With the help of geological maps and field observations of the region, we investigated the effect of tectonics and lithology on topography (symmetric-asymmetric) on alluvial terraces. Using the Global Mapper, the cross-sectional profile was mapped along the river''s perpendiculars and analyzed. Result Results show that from among the major lithologies of Ghezel Owzan terraces (marl, crystallized, and conglomerate), marl terraces are more asymmetric and crystallized terraces are more symmetric in areas without tectonic movements. Symmetrical terraces are formed in areas without tectonic movements or in areas with the same tectonic movements on both sides with resistant lithology. Asymmetrical terraces are also formed in areas where tectonic movements are not the same on both sides or in areas where there are marls in-between geological layers. Marl lithology, which is the dominant lithology of the basin, has the greatest impact on the asymmetry of terraces on this river. Tectonic has been active in A, C, E, F & H periods and inactive during B, D & G periods. Discussion and Conclusion On the bed of the Ghezel Ozan River and major parts of Dyvandra to the Miyaneh, Qareaghaj and the greater part of the province of Tarom, it is overcome with Marl Lithology (Hashtchin to Khalkhal, upper and lower part of Hashtrood and Turkmen Chay, southern provinces of Miyaneh and Zanjan, middle section of Sojas). The conglomerate sediments are the dominant lithology of Qazlazan from Soltaniyeh to Nikpay and the upper of most major branches. The irregular dispersion of lithology and faults in different parts of the Ghezel Ozan River makes it impossible to sequentially divide the alluvial terraces. In resistant lithology, alluvial terraces of symmetrical are formed and in the marl lithology, the slope of the arches of the arches provided the possibility of a deep cut and, with deep erosion and common landslides in the transverse surfaces, low-calorie alluvial terraces is created with low altitude difference. Another factor in the asymmetric of the alluvial terrace is the lithology of the basalt and limestone of the Ghezel Ozan River terrace that act as a barrier and by reducing the river slope and reducing the erosion of the water, the river is forced to move horizontally before the strait, the degradation of the compressive levels has led to asymmetry of the terraces and denser plains.
Ali Ahmadabadi; Amir Karam; Varduhi Sargsyan
Volume 5, Issue 15 , October 2018, , Pages 1-16
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Glacial cirques are one of the most important erosional forms in highlands. Landforms are the basis of geomorphology studies. Therefore, depending on the purpose of different researchers, it has been defined differently. It provides an evidence of effective processes and features ...
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Abstract Introduction Glacial cirques are one of the most important erosional forms in highlands. Landforms are the basis of geomorphology studies. Therefore, depending on the purpose of different researchers, it has been defined differently. It provides an evidence of effective processes and features on the earth surface during the past and present era (Etzelmüller, B., Sulebak, J.S., 2000). The basic principle emphasized by the geomorphometry is the existence of a relationship between the shape and its related numerical parameters for describing landforms. Numerical geomorphology studies spatial and statistical features along with the relationships and patterns of the points (Evans, 1972). The automatic classification of geomorphologic units and landforms is mainly based on the morphological parameters (Giles; Franklin, 1998). The morphometrical parameters represent the shape of the earth and the procedures creating them (Jamieson, 2004). On the other hand, the basis for classifying the units in geomorphology is based on the hierarchical theory (Ramesht, 2006). Different methods exist for providing digital elevation model and simulation of surface effects which can be used in different geosciences such as earth hazards, erosion, geomorphology, ecology, hydrology, and other related fields. The efficiency of the geomorphologic indices in dry areas was evaluated by the Wood method (Shayan et al., 2012). Makram et al. (2014) used a topographic index at any point of the digital elevation model to extract landforms. The purpose of this research was to provide a semi-automatic method for the detection and extraction of glacial cirques in Zardkuh Bakhtiari area based on Wood and Evans methods. Methodology In order to achieve the research objectives, a 20m digital elevation model was generated from the 1: 25000 topographic map. Then the first (slope) and the secondary derivatives, a plan and profile curvatures, general curvature, the minimum and maximum curvatures, Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Curvatures were extracted in ENVI software from the first derivative (slope). The data from the first and secondary derivative layers were standardized as per fuzzy logic, resulting in a single RGB map. By combining the bands of the map, it’s possible to produce significant color outputs. Accordingly, the cirque-like shape holes were identified and extracted manually from the topographic maps. In order to conduct a controlled classification, four cirques were introduced in the RGB map as sample cirques and then the semi-automated model was implemented in the GIS software to find other cirques which were similar to the sample cirques. The Evans and Cox (Evans, 1974) proposed model was used to extract the cirques using the focal point command and the model output was adjusted by supervised classification. Finally, the general accuracy of the classification was evaluated by using a cross-validation method. Result In order to extract the glacier cirques in the Zardkuh area, 26 cirque like holes were manually identified on topographic and slopes maps. Since the purpose of this study was the extraction of the glacial cirques based on the morphometric parameters and characteristics, seven morphometric indices including profile and plan curvatures, minimal and maximal curvatures, longitudinal and cross-sectional curvatures, and general curvature of the region derived from the first derivative or the slope map of the region were used. Then, eight morphometric layers were standardized and combined as per fuzzy. Through layer stack, a RGB map containing all morphometric parameters was created. By changing the bandwidth of this map, significant color outputs, such as the display of aretes, talwegs, slop aspect, height differences, and the like can be obtained. To run the supervised classification model, the morphometric characteristics of four developed cirques were extracted. The values of each of the geomorphometric parameters represent the characteristic features of the landforms. Subsequently, four developed cirques were introduced as a training circus on the RGB map derived from the combination of the morphometric parameters. The results of the supervised classification represents 14 cirque like holes out of 26 holes. Here, due to the complexity of the geology and the high-precipitation region, all holes specified by the MLC model were examined using the cirques classification system introduced by Evans and Cox (1974). From the adjustment of the MLC model and the Evans and Cox definition, by observing the cirques and examining theories of experts, it can be concluded that there are eight developed cirques in the studying area. Discussion and Conclusion The purpose of this research was to provide a semi-automatic method for the detection and classification of glacial cirques landforms in Zardkuh Bakhtiari area. In this study, for each cirque, geomorphometric indices including plan, profile, general, minimum, maximum, cross-section, and longitudinal curvatures were extracted and calculated. The results of this study showed that Zardkuh glacial cirques do not have the most common shape of cirques due to being formed on carbonated formations, but the geomorphologic indices have greatly shown the quantitative and qualitative features of the cirques in the Zardkuh area. By using the MLC model approaches and by conforming its output with the definition of the cirques presented by Evans and Cox (1974), eight fully developed cirques in the studying area were identified. The main reason for this is the carbonate lithology structure of Mount Zardkuh, which has removed the typical shape of the cirques due to the dissolution. Therefore, it can be suggested that the geomorphometric approach in identifying the automation of circuses in these areas cannot be very effective, but it can have a lot efficiency in visual interpretation and identification of landforms.
Haji Karimi; Nahid Zarvash; Abdorreza Vaezihir
Volume 5, Issue 16 , December 2018, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The drinking water of about 50% of the world's population is supplied by groundwater whereas it includes only 4% of water of the Earth. (Taheri Tizro, 1384:3). Iran with an average annual rainfall of 250 mm is one of the arid countries in the world (Masodyan & Kavyani, ...
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Abstract
Introduction
The drinking water of about 50% of the world's population is supplied by groundwater whereas it includes only 4% of water of the Earth. (Taheri Tizro, 1384:3). Iran with an average annual rainfall of 250 mm is one of the arid countries in the world (Masodyan & Kavyani, 1386:82). Determination of new groundwater potential and its management in arid and semi-arid regions is a temporal solution to encounter water crisis. Indeed, it includes the identification of the potential areas for water abstraction according to the aquifer capacities.
Methodology
In order to explore groundwater potential in Mehran Plain, several data including climatic data, regional stations, geological, vegetation map and topographic maps, and satellite images of the area were prepared. Using the RS and GIS technologies, several layers were developed and combined to obtain the final zoning map. The main factors that were used to prepare the layers included lithology, climate (precipitation and temperature), hydrology (drainage density and distance from the drainage), vegetation, topography (elevation and slope of the land), faults (fault density and distance from fault), geological maps, topographic maps, and precipitation data which were processed in the Geographic Information System (GIS) to provide a groundwater potential map. The weight of the different layers was assigned from 1 to 9 based on the judgment and field survey. The priority of each layer was rated based on their potential for groundwater using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Using the fuzzy approach, the layers were transferred to Idrisi Software and standardized. In order to perform groundwater potential zoning in Mehran Plain, standardized and weighted maps were combined using AHP-OWA and AHP-WLC methods to produce its final groundwater potential zoning maps.
Results and Discussion
Weighing the parameters was carried out by a paired comparison method and the weights were calculated based on an analytic hierarchy process. The amount of calculated weights of lithology and distance from fault parameters were respectively 0.31 and 0.02. Next, the fuzzy maps were produced and were overlaid. The final map of the groundwater potential for the study area was prepared using AHP-OWA, AHP-WLC overlaying methods. In these methods, the weight of each layer was determined based on its importance in the groundwater potential and a map was produced which showed the groundwater potential in different parts. It showed five zones with very low, low, medium, high, and very high potential zones. The zoning map was verified using data of wells location and their catchment area.
Conclusion
The effective parameters which cause potential for groundwater are varied in literature, but in most studies, hydrological, geological, climatic, and topographic parameters have been employed. In this research, the effective parameters on the potential of groundwater resources included lithology, climate (precipitation and temperature), hydrology (drainage density and distance from the drainage), vegetation, topography (elevation and slope of the land), fault layer (fault density and distance from fault). The final map of groundwater potential in the study area was prepared using AHP-OWA, AHP-WLC methods. Five zones with various groundwater potential included very low, low, medium, high and very high. The areas with high groundwater potential are in accordance with the alluvial deposits and the zones bearing low groundwater potential are matched with the clayey and marly sediments and with relatively high slope. The verification of the final zoning map showed that the employed methods had a high efficiency in groundwater potential determination. The results of this research can be used in the management of groundwater and prevention of over abstraction of groundwater resources, especially in Mehran Plain bearing low groundwater potential.
Leila Goli Mokhtari; Najme Hshafiei; Abolalfazl Rahmani
Volume 5, Issue 17 , March 2019, , Pages 1-21
Abstract
Introduction
Soil erosion is a phenomenon that typically occurs in a large part of the earth and the exacerbation of this process, as a limiting factor, can be an obstacle to the management of the land. It reduces the soil fertility and results in the desertification of the fields and the sediment deposited ...
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Introduction
Soil erosion is a phenomenon that typically occurs in a large part of the earth and the exacerbation of this process, as a limiting factor, can be an obstacle to the management of the land. It reduces the soil fertility and results in the desertification of the fields and the sediment deposited in the drains and reservoirs of sediment droplets reduces their intake capacity. Soil contamination is one of the environmental problems that threatens natural resources, agriculture, and the environment. Soil erosion's time and space data plays an important role in management measures, erosion control, and management of catchment areas. Therefore, in order to protect effectively and prevent undesirable effects of erosion, it is necessary to identify the factors involved in erosion to provide an appropriate estimation of the amount of erosion in the area. So far, several methods have been proposed to estimate erosion in areas with different characteristics. The models presented in three categories are empirical, conceptual, and physical models. The empirical models have always been considered for ease of use and availability of the data, and there have been significant advances in their development. The Global Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) is one of the experimental models that has been proposed to predict mortality on grazed lands, but the modified Global Soil Deterioration Equation (RUSLE) has expanded for various uses, including forest, pasture, crop, and bayer lands. Similar to the USLE, the RUSLE model has six factors, but more accurate estimates of rainfall erosion, soil erosion, vegetation, and conservation operations are used to predict soil losses in wider areas and in different conditions such as crops, forests, grassland, and damaged forests. This model estimates soil erosion as a combination of six factors that indicate the rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, length and gradient, cropping system, and management operations.
Methodology
In this research, the erosion of the Nourabad Mamassani basin using the RUSLE model was studied. The method was descriptive. To prepare the studied basin maps, the topographic map of 1: 50000, the geological map of 1: 100000, Google Earth images, Landsat 8 satellite images, soil layers, monthly and annual precipitation data of synoptic stations were used. In addition, Kriging zoning method was used to prepare the rainfall erosion layer. A regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables as well as the effect of the most important factor on the annual waste of soil. The annual regression model of the soil was the dependent variable. The rainfall erosivity factors, soil erosion, topography and vegetation were considered as independent variables. As previously mentioned, the model used in this study was the RUSLE global erosion model. It consists of 6 factors as follows
Relationship (1) R.K.L.S.C.P = A
A: soil erosion per unit area. R: rainfall erosion factor. K: soil erodibility factor. L: slope factor. S: slope factor. C: covering agent. P: a protective operation
Results
The annual mean erosion of the soil was determined using the coefficient of erosivity (R), soil erodibility factor (K), topographic factor (LS), vegetation cover factor (C) and conservation factor (P), and the ArcGIS software. The map obtained from this equation is shown in Fig. 7. The erosion values in the studied basin vary from 6 to 75 tons per hectare per year at the pixel level. According to table (3), about 48% of the area is a low erosion class, which mainly includes a large part of the basin. About 28% of the range is in average erosion, and about 23% of the basin is under severe erosion, which is located in the southern part of the basin.
Discussion and Conclusion
Investigating the rainfall erosivity map at the basin level showed that the values of this factor varied from 11 to 31. The erosivity values from the central parts of the basin to the northern part of the trend were decreasing and in the southern parts where rainfall was higher, erosivity has increased. Soil erosion rate varied from 0.25 to 0.48. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that the values of this factor varied from 0.7 to 1.35. The major part of the role of destructive factors on soil erosion was in rain and pasture lands related to the human factors. The study of the soil erosion risk map, which was produced from the combination of erosivity layers, soil erosion, topography, and vegetation, showed that the soil erosion risk level in the basin was variable from 8 to 75 per hectare per year. According to the map of the soil erosion risk, areas with high erosion risk were mainly in uneven areas of the region. Also, the effect of the rainfall erosion on the increase of erosion in the southern parts of the basin had a medium to high erosion risk. Also, areas with a high erosion risk included areas that had a rugged area. The results of this study showed the high capability of GIS and remote sensing to generate the data needed to generate RUSLE factors, resulting in Output data high quality. Therefore, GIS and RS can be effectively used to develop managerial solutions and provide selected choices for managers to solve the erosion problem.
Mahnaz Karami Jozani; Alireza Ildoromi; Hamid Nouri; Abdollah Pernia
Abstract
IntroductionThe Climate forecasts show that climate change will change the hydrological cycle. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of climate change on the Gorganrood- Ghareh Sou watershed in Golestan province using two generic oocytes of HadCM3 and ECHAM4 and the LARS-WG model according ...
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IntroductionThe Climate forecasts show that climate change will change the hydrological cycle. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of climate change on the Gorganrood- Ghareh Sou watershed in Golestan province using two generic oocytes of HadCM3 and ECHAM4 and the LARS-WG model according to the three scenarios of A2, B1 and A1B for the period of 2011-2030. The results showed that discharge has insignificantly decreased in two stations of Tamar and Arazkooseh in the studied watershed. In addition, changes in the minimum temperature and rainfall have a more significant effect on river discharge changes in the watershed. The results also indicated a decrease in the discharge rate in all scenarios of two models of general circulation of the atmosphere in the future period relative to the base period.Many of the environmental problems of our age, including floods, storms, droughts, and the like are all rooted in global climate change. The study of the effects of climate change on water resources is an important issue that has been considered in recent years. For example, Kling et al. (2012) examined variations in runoff in the Danube watershed under the influence of changing scenarios. The results showed that most models predicted precipitation increase and runoff reduction for future years. Rajabi (2013) investigated the effect of changes on Ghareh Sou runoff in Kermanshah province in the coming decades and its results showed that in the coming periods, the average rainfall of the watershed reduced. Singh et al. (2013) evaluated the performance of artificial neural network in a small watershed in India based on RMSE and R criteria. The results showed that the neural network model had an acceptable performance in the study of climate change in the region.MethodologyGorganrood watershed-Ghareh Sou is in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea with an area of 13061 km2. The average annual rainfall is about 300 mm to 1000 mm, and the annual average temperature varies from about 7.5 to 17 ° C. In this study, the seasonal and annual data series of minimum and maximum parameters of temperature, precipitation and annual discharge of the year and non-parametric tests were used to determine the trend direction and correlation of the studied parameters. In order to investigate the effect of variation on discharge, the data from B1, A2 and A1B scenarios of the HadCM3 model and B1, A2 and A1B scenarios of ECHAM4 model were used. In addition, Lars statistical model was used for calibration of the data, after calibrating and validating it for the simulation of rainfall-runoff, The output of the Lars statistical model was introduced into the neural network model and the changes in the discharge rate were investigated in the course of 2030-2011 (near future). In order to evaluate the performance of the model, the statistical index of the coefficient of explanation and the mean squared error were used.ResultsThe annual variations in discharge at two stations of Tamar and Arazkooseh showed that precipitation on both stations of Arazkooseh and Tamar was significant at 99% probability level. But it had less effect on rainfall than river discharge. The studies showed that during the last 30 years in the study area, the maximum temperatures and precipitation, had insignificantly increased. The minimum temperature had a significant increase in most of the studied time series. Also, the climatic parameters had a more significant effect on rainfall than the minimum temperature.The results of the climate simulation showed that the average temperature for the HadCM3 for 2011-2030 period would increase with all scenarios. The results of the HadCM3 model showed that precipitation is rising in all scenarios. But in the ECHAM4 model, the precipitation in the A2, B1 scenarios will decrease, but in A1B scenario it will increase. In HadCM3 and ECHAM4 models, the highest precipitation rates are respectively for A2 and A1B scenarios.Discussion and ConclusionThe results of the two HadCM3 and ECHAM4 models indicated an increase in precipitation (except for scenario A2 and B1 in the ECHAM4 model) and increase in temperature in the Gorganrood-Ghareh Sou watershed. Moreover, the changes in minimum temperature will be higher than maximum temperature. Discharge will decrease in both climatic models. The results showed that the greatest decrease in the amount of discharge in both climates models and in all three scenarios was in September. The results of the changes in the discharge rate at the two hydrometric stations of Tamar and Arazkooseh indicated that although the changes were not significant in any one, the decrease in discharge rate during the period at the Tamar station was more pronounced than that of the Arazkooseh station. The results showed that the LARS meteorological model had a high potential for generating daily data.
Ali Ahmadabadi; Mohamad Fathollahzadeh; Tayebeh Kiani; Fateme Emadodin
Volume 6, Issue 19 , September 2019, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
Introduction ...
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Introduction The history of reviewing Iran's glaciers may be less than 80 years old and there are not enough records and opinions before it. For example, Esther, a Finnish geologist, didn’t know about the Quaternary glacier in Iran (Peru, 1984). Cirques are depressions with variables and often semi-circular volumes which have several examples according to the size and shape of the rippling. The simplest form has a slender floor (Mahmoudi, 1988). Deepening of the cirques is the result of an exploration and gentle rubbing on the floor of the glacier. In fact, the formation of the glacier cirques is that at first the glaciers form in the slopes and grooves in the range. Then under the influence of the slope of the hillside, the glaciers move from their original location to the bottom of the grooves which are curved and their depth is increased. This phenomenon is due to the movement of snow ice in the lower part. As a result, the stones appear on the bottom of the cirques (Moghimi, 2008). In this study, the glacier cirques of Oshtorankuh area were divided into two sections of the northeastern and southwestern cirques with respect to the northwest trend of the eastern south. It is related to the normalized snow cover index (NDSI) using Landsat 8, scheduled for April 2016. Materials and methods Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) is a standard for determining snow levels and it is one of the remote sensing techniques for surveying the status of the mountainous and snowy areas. The basis of this index is the determination of the satellite images and the amount of light and heat reflected from a snow-covered surface. Considering the difficulties of accessibility to mountainous areas for the identification of snow-covered surfaces, using remote sensing will be very useful. NDSI is used as an automatic snow extractor algorithm with a set of thresholds and pixel-to-pixel values. This index is based on the fact that snow has a high reflectivity in the visible area and low reflectivity in the infrared range. It is used to detect snow from the cloud and areas without snow (Nolin et al., 2000). The NDSI is non-sensitive to exposure conditions and is adjustable to atmospheric effects. In other words, this index depends on both its reflection values in a band and the amount of digital reflection in pixels. Discussion In order to calculate the Normalized Snow Cover Index (NDSI), Landsat 8 was introduced in April of 2016, and Erdas Imagine combination of 6 bands was used. Then, using the formula (1), NDSI was calculated: Equ (1) NDSI= NDSI: Normalized-Difference Snow Index OLI3: Band 3 Landsat 8 OLI6: Band 6 Landsat 8 image After calculating the NDSI and taking into account the altitudes above 3500 m with the help of the altitude digital model, the correction of the errors caused by the reflection of snow-like surfaces was carried out. Finally, the area covered with snow and ice of the Oshtorankuh area was determined. Given that the snow and ice in the cirques center in the warmer seasons melt away from the snow and ice of the inner walls of the cirques, the walls and boundaries of each cirques was determined by these snow and ice coverings. Therefore, normal snow cover levels (NDSI) can be used to identify and determine glacier cirques, but it is necessary to mention that the satellite images used in this method were related to the history of the boundaries of all cirques and the minimum amount of snow and ice which were detected by the NDSI. Finally, 33 glacier cirques were determined and positioned. Then, with respect to the Oshtorankuh along the northwest-southeastern direction, the cirques were divided into two strata of the northeastern slopes including 18 cirques and southwest slopes including 15 cirques. Conclusion Glacier cirques aresemi-circular cavities with variable volumes due to their size and shape that feature rugged and different samples. The cirques are also important for the glacier's natural heritage. They were active in the past and due to the glacial processes that occur in the present time they are the most important landforms of glacial erosion. In this study, the glacier cirques of Oshtorankuh area were divided into two sections of the northeastern and southwestern range cirques with respect to the northwest trend of the eastern south. It was related to the normalized snow cover index (NDSI) and Landsat 8 which was scheduled for April 2016 was used. The point which should be taken into account is that the determination of cirques by the Normalized Snow Covering Index (NDSI) of satellite imagery should certainly be related to the time period in which the limits of all cirques have a minimum snow level. It is self-identifying by the Normalized Snow Cover Indicator (NDSI). After determining the glacier cirques of the area, the characteristics of the cirques were determined in each domain and compared with each other. It was found that the cirques of the northeastern stretch have more developed and more typical cirques due to the less radiation received and the activation of glacial shaping processes in relation to water erosion along with glacial processes.
Sahar Forotan; Alireza ILdoromi; Hamid Nouri; Matab Safari Shad
Volume 6, Issue 20 , December 2019, , Pages 1-20
Abstract
1- Introduction Land use change is a hydrological challenge for urban watershed management that effects on the management methods through surface runoff changes. Remote sensing, GIS techniques and satellite imagery can be used to improve and accelerate the management of natural resources and urban areas. ...
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1- Introduction Land use change is a hydrological challenge for urban watershed management that effects on the management methods through surface runoff changes. Remote sensing, GIS techniques and satellite imagery can be used to improve and accelerate the management of natural resources and urban areas. This study investigates on the relationship between urban development and runoff values using hydrological modeling, GIS and remote sensing. First, the land use maps of the city of Asad abad were prepared using TM and ETM + sensors of Landsat 5 and 7 in May, 1992, 2002 and 2014. For supervised classification and estimate of surface runoff were used maximum likelihood method and Resources Conservation Service National (NRCS-CN) respectively. The maps of land use, curves number and runoff amount were calculated and plotted. The results showed that surface runoff has been increased about 15.8 % due to increase of 4/59 % of urban land use. Management of atmospheric precipitation and surface runoff from watersheds that are a factor in collecting and transporting hazardous pollutants while passing through streets, streets and other urban areas. Risk management is inevitable in relation to public health and urban environmental resources. Increasing the impenetrable levels caused by urbanization and construction of the building on permeable soils, naturally, has decreased the permeable levels of the basin, which is capable of absorbing part of the rainfall, and thus has increased the total amount of runoff in the city. One of the important issues of urban development is the change in surface runoff. So that the delay time of the hydrograph and the base time of the flood is reduced and, consequently, with an equal volume of flood, the peak flood discharge with urban development will be more than the pre-development, in addition, the runoff coefficient also increases (Amir Ahmadi, 2011:92). Regarding the management and optimization of watersheds, accurate prediction of outflow runoff can be very effective in optimizing watershed management to prevent regional flood rebound. Despite the nonlinear relations, the uncertainty and the lack of clarity and the characteristics of time and place variables in the flow systems, none of the proposed statistical and conceptual models have been able to be considered as a superior and capable model in order to accurately model rainfall and runoff. To be known. Remote sensing and GIS technology is one of the most effective and efficient technologies for environmental change and resource management that provides updated information for management purposes (Janson, 2012: 86). Therefore, this tool can be used to study urban development. Considering the previous studies and the importance of the phenomenon of physical development of the city and increasing the impenetrable levels on the relations of rainfall, urban runoff is very important with regard to the urban development process using an efficient tool such as remote sensing along with hydrological models (GIS Special Website, 2014: 1) The city of Asadabad is also no exception because of the increase in inertia levels following the expansion of the city. The location of the city is such that it has spread in three watersheds, and this form of expansion, as well as the lack of such a study, requires the study of urban runoff and The impact of urban development on production runoff in the area is doubled. The present study attempts to investigate the physical development of Asadabad in 1992, 2002, 2014 and its effect on runoff rainfall relations. 2- Methodology The city of Asad Abad, in the area of 1195 km2, forms 6.1% of the area of Hamedan province. The average elevation is 1607 meters.The Annual rainfall is between 350 and 500 mm (Aka Iran,2014:1). In this study, the relationship between urban development with distributed hydrological modeling of the integrated approach of remote sensing and geographic information system was used. Landsat satellite data was used to detect land cover changes (Kavosi and Vatan khah, 2013:4). The SCS method estimates runoff in unobstructed watersheds according to rainfall and the characteristics of the watersheds. Basically, this method will be valid when runoff is due to rainfall, and it is not effective at a time when snowfall. The American Conservation Survey (CNS) Curve Number (CN) method is one of the most common methods for estimating and forecasting flood volume and runoff and flood altitude (Mahdavi, 2009: 86). In this research, the average monthly long-term average was calculated in inches. Then, layer the point rainfall in Arc GIS, and digital calls and using IDW interpolation was to be the second (Javadi, 2011: 59). To estimate the runoff of the study area, we calculated the weighted mean of runoff. For this purpose, the data was transmitted from the descriptive table in the Arc GIS software to the Excel environment (Zhang, 2014: 956). After calculating the total runoff heights, the values obtained were retrieved in millimeters in the tables and graphs. In this research, all of the above was done in three periods of time, 1992, 2002, and 2014, we tried to use the results of 1992 and 2014 to review the changes and to use the 2002 changes to verify. So the results are presented every three times. 3- Results Land use classification maps in Arc GIS software procurement and since the purpose of assessing changes in three different periods, a guide map has been changed for better. After the land use was extracted in the time periods studied, the area of each user and the percentage of the area of each user were calculated. Generally between the years 1992 and 2014 in the area of other Land use 5.45% (equivalent to 63.9 square kilometers) declined. The urban and non-urban usage map was extracted from the land use classification map for three periods of the study, in three periods of 1992, 2002, and 2014, which were obtained in the Arc GIS environment. After extraction of urban and non-urban when the study area and the percentage of urban and non-urban area was calculated in Excel. In order to better understand the relations between runoff rainfall in the study area, rainfall, runoff height was calculated and presented according to the curve number. The results of the study of the impact of urban development on runoff variations are presented at the time of study. By changing the type of use, including the change in area in each polyglone, the calculated CN values will vary in the polyhedron, which results in changes in the runoff height in each polyhedron. By changing the type of use, including the change in area in each polyglone, the calculated CN values will vary in the polyhedron, which results in changes in the runoff height in each polyhedron. According to the results, between 1995 and 2014, urban land increased by 4.95% (equivalent to 57.7 km2), and in the period from 2002 to 2014, urban land increased by 42.3% (equivalent to 127 / 40 sq. Km), and in this period the construction rate has been higher than the previous period. However, urban runoff runoff from 2002 to 2014 increased by 11.29% over the period from 1992 to 2002. Urban development is not the only one in metropolises. It is also important in a small city such as Assadabad. Because it will affect the relations of runoff precipitation. If the runoff height, which is a small number in the city, would be 350 m 3, this volume of runoff in a small town is significant and sometimes dangerous. 4- Discussion and conclusion In the present study, we tried to investigate the impact of urban development on runoff using remote sensing and its integration with GIS. Finally, it was found that using remote sensing; we can consider the variation of runoff from urban development with an accurate precision. It was also determined that urban development in addition to rainfall has been effective on runoff due to the increasing urban use that is related to construction development, industrial development and road construction development. In general, the use of remote sensing because of the cost reduction of field operations, and especially because of the reduction in the time needed to analyze the issues, can be considered as possible solutions to improve the level of water resources management. In addition, using this tool, this opportunity is created for researchers and executives to evaluate different management scenarios (which cannot be executed in a short time without heavy cost), and by analyzing the results, the best Made a decision. It is suggested to use different methods of runoff estimation and compare their results with the results obtained in this study as well as a hydrological model to study the runoff rainfall relationships and compare its results with the results of this study.In order to better study land use changes (especially urban development studies), in different years, it is necessary to use a satellite data format that is also available on a given date. To study more precisely, the relationships between rainfall runoff and time intervals increase. And the last suggestion is to use long-term returns to better predict and understand the impact of urban development on runoff variations.
Ali Nasiri Khiavi; Ali Faraji; Raoof Mostafazadeh
Volume 6, Issue 21 , March 2020, , Pages 1-22
Abstract
1- IntroductionDetermining the sensitivity of streamflow to climate is necessary to make informed decisions to manage water resources and environmental systems for predicting hydro-climatic variability and climate change. Climate variability is considered as a key driver of hydrological processes. The ...
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1- IntroductionDetermining the sensitivity of streamflow to climate is necessary to make informed decisions to manage water resources and environmental systems for predicting hydro-climatic variability and climate change. Climate variability is considered as a key driver of hydrological processes. The sensitivity of streamflow to climate variables is predicted using a hydrological modeling procedure. In this regard, the results of streamflow modeling are comparing through the present and projected climate scenarios. Climate change in the last century has largely affected the processes of the water cycle and its components on different spatial scales. In recent years, the identification of effective factors and their impact on regional runoff changes has been widely explored by researchers in the field of hydrology. In the context of exploring water resources due to climate change, it is easy to estimate the impact of climate on political decision making and planning. Precipitation elasticity is defined as a tool to determine the rate of streamflow sensitivity regarding the precipitation variability. This study aims to calculate rainfall elasticity and variation of discharge in 20 watersheds using nonparametric elasticity estimation in the monthly timescale. 2- MethodologyIn this study, the sensitivity of rainfall to precipitation has been calculated using nonparametric estimation and a set of monthly data and precipitation data for Ardabil province. Climatic elasticity can be calculated by dividing the climatic variables such as rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, evapotranspiration, wind speed, specific radiation, etc. To estimate the Elasticity of precipitation (Ep), a non-parametric estimation of a set of average monthly discharge and rainfall data is required. At first, the monthly precipitation elasticity was calculated for 20 river gauge stations in the study area, and the median of these values was estimated as precipitation elasticity for the entire province in 12 months of the year. Then the Triple Diagram Model was used to assess the changes in the precipitation elasticity index with precipitation and discharge values. Also, based on the range of changes in the elasticity index, the hydrometric stations studied were classified into 3 categories and presented through a spatial map.3- ResultsThe results showed that the range of the elasticity index was between -2.21 to 3.96, which is related to Arbabkandi and Shamsabad stations, respectively. Based on the results of the Triple diagram model, the variability of the elasticity index is higher in the low discharges. Also, the value of the elasticity index is higher in the dry months, than the other months, which proves the greater impacts of precipitation on the river flow rising in dry months. There is also an inverse relationship between the elasticity index and the upland watershed area of each river gauge station. In watersheds located in upland parts of the area, the discharge shows fewer changes than precipitation, while in downstream watersheds, the discharge is changing more with precipitation variations. According to had the monthly elasticity-precipitation diagram, the calculated elasticity values had a higher amount in the range of medium values of precipitation (0-20 mm and 15-15 mm) in dry and wet months, respectively. 4- Discussion and conclusionThe results showed that the sensitivity of the elasticity index is higher at low discharge values, while in the higher values of the discharge, the elasticity index is less sensitive. According to the results, in the dry months, the value of elasticity index is higher than other months; in this case, it is possible to refer to the sensitivity of the change in rainfall to dry rainfall during the dry months. Changes in the values of the elasticity index in different rainfall indicate that the value of the low elasticity index was attributed to the precipitation occurs in the cold months of the year as a snowfall, which related to the delayed response of snow melting. In particular, due to snowmelt in upstream watersheds, this time delay reduces the elasticity index. It is also very difficult to distinguish the effects of human activities and changes using the employed approach. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the river flow varies over the study area, and it is always different considering the changes of climatic components, human exploitation, land use, geological characteristics, etc. In particular, calculating the elasticity index allows comparing the behavior of different rivers in terms of response to climate change changes. 5- References Chiew, F.H.S, Peel, M.C, Mcmohon, T.A, Siriwardena, L.W. (2006). Precipitation elasticity of streamflow in catchments across the world, Climate Variability and Change-Hydrological Impacts (Proceedings of the Fifth FRIEND World Conference held at Havana, Cuba, November 2006). IAHS Public. 308: 1-7.Mehri, S & Mostafazadeh, R. (2019). Comparing the variations in hydrologic response of Ardabil Province watersheds using precipitation-runoff polygons. Watershed Engineering and Management, 11(2), 381-391.Nasiri Khiavi, A & Mostafazadeh, R. (2018). Spatio-Temporal Assessment of River Flow Discharge Variability Indices in some Watersheds of Ardabil Province. Hydrogeomorphology, 17, 23-44.Nazari-Pouya, H., Kardovani, P & Farajirad, A.R. (2016). Investigation and Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts on Hydro-Climatic Parameters of Ekbatan Dam Basin (Hamadan Province). Ecohydrology, 3(2), 181-194.
Ali Shahidi; Fahime Khadempour
Abstract
1-Introduction Increasing water consumption due to population growth has led to a reduction in the quality and quantity of extracted water. Given this situation, quantitative and qualitative knowledge of suitable sources for drinking and farming is necessary and inevitable. Meanwhile, ground water ...
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1-Introduction Increasing water consumption due to population growth has led to a reduction in the quality and quantity of extracted water. Given this situation, quantitative and qualitative knowledge of suitable sources for drinking and farming is necessary and inevitable. Meanwhile, ground water is considered a safe source for water supply. Today, due to the excessive use of groundwater resources in many plains, water levels have fluctuated and groundwater levels have fallen, and these plains have been hit by decreasing water quality. Therefore, water resources control and optimal use of them are of high priority. Since, groundwater resources are considered as important sources of water supply for various uses. In order to better understand the qualitative status of water resources, water quality indicators are used. To do this, by conducting experiments on water samples and using mathematical relationships defined for each index, a value is obtained that can be used to describe the qualitative state of water based on it and refer to the relevant tables. 2-Methodology Based on international standards for drinking and agriculture uses, some of the parameters examined are lower and others are more than global standards. Basically, these differences indicate the presence of pollution in various water sources. The water quality index is, in fact, simply a numerical value that reduces the large amounts of data, including physical, chemical, and biological parameters, and generally indicates the overall quality of water for various uses, especially for drinking. Typically, heavy metals are included in the water quality index to assess overall water contamination. In this study, the quality of groundwater in the Jangal plain in Khorasan Razavi province has been investigated. 10 wells in this plain were analyzed for concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, pH and TDS with GWQI and AWQI indices in the period 2007-2016. Also, plain zoning was performed using the GWQI index and Arc GIS 10.2 software. In cases where the AWQI value is zero, it means that there is no pollutant in water, and if this value reaches 100, that is, all pollutants have reached their maximum permissible limit. The high level indicates the high level of contamination and the passage of this value from 100 indicates serious contamination. 3-Results The results showed that most of the Jangal plain wells pollution are less than the contamination level during the statistical period. Fayez Abad, Kheirabad Ali Akbar Rahmani and Bandazik Salehi Wells have passed through the limit of contamination over the years and have serious pollution and are not suitable for drinking and farming. Based on the zoning, the indicator status in all wells (except wells of Fayez Abad (well No. 2), Kheirabad Ali Akbar Rahmani (well No. 9), and Badazaki Salehi Forest (well No. 10) have inappropriate water (red)) and in the whole area of the Jangal zone is poor (orange color), so the pollution of these wells is not serious and is suitable for drinking and farming. The total amount of all parameters except total dissolved solids (TDS) in all wells is standard. The reason for this is the lack of industrial activities and human communities near these wells. The highest mean total dissolved solids is 5378.49 mg/l. In this study, the least amount of GWQI and AWQI indices for Janet Abad Khordemalkin well were 69.66 and 56.49 (highest quality in 2008) and the highest of these two indicators were 239.12 and 189.48, respectively. 4- Conclusion According to the results of this study, the GWQI index in the region ranges from 69.66 to 239.12 and the AWQI index is between 56.49 and 189.48, that is, the quality of groundwater in the Jangal area is weak and inappropriate. The cause it is also the high solids content of the total solution of water. In fact, in this region, all of the measured quality parameters, except the total dissolved solid, are at the standard level. According to the results of this study, although the amount of calcium and magnesium is in the standard range but at lower levels, and given the body's need for these micronutrients, it is necessary to plan the provision of these elements through other sources or add them to the water in the refinery.
Ahmad, Najafi Eigdir; Shahram Roostaei; Asadollah, Hejazi; Masomeh, Rajabi; nader Jalali
Abstract
1-Introduction Landslides are influential factors in human life that are not well-known. Several factors have contributed to the occurrence of landslide that could increase the risk of landslide in any area. Identifying these factors and their value can help to appropriate landslide zonation. The classification ...
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1-Introduction Landslides are influential factors in human life that are not well-known. Several factors have contributed to the occurrence of landslide that could increase the risk of landslide in any area. Identifying these factors and their value can help to appropriate landslide zonation. The classification of areas susceptible to sliding and hazard zoning is an important step in assessing environmental hazards and plays an indelible role in the management of catchment areas (Sakar, 1995). Therefore, knowing the most important factors affecting slip instability and slipping will help us to make developmental plans using appropriate methods. Therefore, by using statistical models, their vulnerability to landslide is identified and zoned by assessing and validating them. Landslide inventory map is the best method for designing a landslide hazard map based on aerial photo interpretation, field surveys, and historic landslides. Then, the spatial distribution of mass movements is presented as a point or polygon on the map. The purpose of this research is to investigate various and effective factors in the occurrence of landslides, as well as to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of statistical models in landslide hazard zonation in Nazlochai basin and introducing the most appropriate methods. 2-Methodology In order to investigate the landslide susceptibility zonation, the provision of a landslide inventory map is the most important part of the work, which can be done by using of geographic information systems with high accuracy. The accuracy of landslide zonation is largely dependent on this stage. So, at first, the existing landslides were identified by using various tools including aerial photos, satellite imagery (Google Earth), existing information, GPS, and in particular field surveys. In the present study, ten factors affecting the occurrence of landslides were considered: elevation, slope, gradient direction, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from the faults, lithology, land use, rainfall and vegetation index .For landslide zonation, bivariate statistical models, including Gupta-Joshi model with its correction method, information value method, and surface density method have been used. 3-Results and Discussion For landslide hazard zonation using the Bivariate Statistical Models, various factors including elevation, slope, gradient direction, distance from the waterway, distance from the road, distance from fault, lithology, landuse, rainfall and vegetation index were studied. Existence and density of landslides in the western slopes show the role of geological formations, the distance from the waterway and precipitation in the occurrence of landslide. To evaluate the accuracy of the Bivariate Statistical Models, the density ratio index and the quality sum index were used. The more distinction between risk classes is, the model is more capable, and the quality sum index is used to compare the performance of different models. Finally, with respect to the resulting values, the zoning with the information value and surface density models were found to be desirable for the studied area. 4-Conclusion According to the results of zoning (using the Bivariate Statistical Models), lithology, distance from the waterways and precipitation are the most important factors controlling the landslide occurrence in the studied area. Particularly lithologic factors are of great importance. Most of the landslides in the study area occurred on limestone and conglomerate, which are similar to the results of the research Amir Ahmadi who worked for Iran, while these formations do not have enough area in the basin. Limestone and a small amount of dolomitic limestone with an occupancy level of 15.5% of the basin, contain more than 30% of landslides. More importantly, limestone is coinciding with north orientation that confirms the role of gradient direction in occurrence of landslides. Although some scholars ignore the role of gradient direction (A. Gemitzi, 2011), other researchers (Carrara et al., 1991; Roostaei et al., 2017) have taken it into account in their research. The impact of the human factor mainly depends on changing environmental conditions, such as road construction, inappropriate plowing, excessive grazing and water diversion for agricultural use. Therefore, by studying the researches in Iran and in different parts of the world, the slipping factors in different basins and regions are not the same and in fact, different slip conditions are present in different regions.
Mussa Abedini; Fariba Karami; Nader Sarmasti
Volume 2, Issue 5 , January 2017, , Pages 17-40
Abstract
Tabriz metropolitan is located in an area of active fault which crosses the lower part of the Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed in the north of the city. This research is studying Tabriz fault tectonic activity in the range of Tabriz metropolitan using geomorphic indicators, remote sensing and GIS ...
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Tabriz metropolitan is located in an area of active fault which crosses the lower part of the Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed in the north of the city. This research is studying Tabriz fault tectonic activity in the range of Tabriz metropolitan using geomorphic indicators, remote sensing and GIS techniques. To achieve this goal, geomorphic indicators were used as tools including drainage density, branching ratio, the ratio of the basin, basin asymmetry, polarity reverse topographic, hypsometric integral, sinus mountain front, sinus river valley floor width to valley height, longitudinal gradient, and index assessment of active tectonic model and concept. Satellite images ASTER sensor, geological maps, digital elevation model and ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 software were other physical means in this research. As a result, small amounts of drainage density indices 0.51 and 0.57, the branch 2 and 2.1, 2.2 and 1.8 of the basin, basin asymmetry 39.7 and 23.2, 0.36 and 0.59 reverse topographic symmetry, hypsometric integral 0.28 and 0.39, 1.4 sinus mountain front and 0.93, 1.1 and 1.3 sinus river, valley floor width to valley height of 1.08 and 1.2, longitudinal gradient the 1202 and 318 calculated for Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed respectively. Relative Active Tectonics Index assessment showed that Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed values 1.9 and 1.7 respectively have high tectonic movements. Results indices show Gomanabchai and Varkeshchai watershed morphology influence the Tabriz fault tectonic movements. With processing satellite data, as evidence of tectonic Tabriz fault deviation, Ajichai stream, cliff fault and lens-shaped phenomenon were also interpreted in the metropolitan area Tabriz. The results were confirmed by field evidence area. So, Tabriz was located as a perilous zone of tectonic movement.
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran; Shahram Roostaei; Tohid Rahimpoor; Mahsa Nakhostin Rohee
Volume 3, Issue 6 , January 2017, , Pages 17-32
Abstract
Khalil Valizadeh Kamran[1] Shahram Roostaei[2] Tohid Rahimpoor[3]* Mahsa Nakhostin Rohee [4] Abstract In all of the world and including our country, groundwater is the most important resource for water supply needed. Determination of the quality of water has specific importance ...
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Khalil Valizadeh Kamran[1] Shahram Roostaei[2] Tohid Rahimpoor[3]* Mahsa Nakhostin Rohee [4] Abstract In all of the world and including our country, groundwater is the most important resource for water supply needed. Determination of the quality of water has specific importance in the management of resources and its monitoring should be considered as an important principle in planning. The aim of this research is of the determination of the most appropriate interpolation method for spatial analysis of electric conductivity and sodium absorption ratio changes of groundwater of Shiramin plain located in East Azerbaijan province. The related information are obtained from analysis of the samples involving 30 deep and semi-deep wells based on the sampling of the year 1390 by regional water organization of East Azerbaijan province. The geostatistics methods such as simple, ordinary and discrete Kriging and also CoKriging were used for doing this research. For investigation of the spatial correlation of data, the experimental variograms of each variables and its reciprocal variogram were calculated and plotted. The correlation coefficient of two variables were calculated at 0.93 according to their related variogram. The spherical model was fitted as the most appropriate model for both of the EC and SAR parameters based on the minimum of RSS. The reciprocal estimating method with root mean square error criterion and also correlation coefficient (R) between the observed and estimated values was used for assessment of the reliabality of methods. The results of research showed that because of higher R and lower RMSE, the simple Kriging method was the most appropriate method within the others for preparation of the map of SAR and EC changes. Keywords: Groundwater, Geostatistics, EC, SAR, Shiramin plain. [1]- Associate Professor of Remote Sensing, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran [2]- Professor of Geomorphology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. [3]- Master Student of of Remote Sensing, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author) Rahimpour1990@gmail.com. [4]- Master Student of Remote Sensing, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
