Mehdi Dini; Abrahim Mohammadi Aydinlo
Volume 5, Issue 15 , October 2018, , Pages 17-35
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Due to an intense loss in groundwater level and a high decrease in reservoir capacity, the Marand plain has been banned since 1991. However, since 1994, the groundwater level been dropping year by year. As a result, many wells and qanats have been dried or their discharge capacity ...
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Abstract
Introduction
Due to an intense loss in groundwater level and a high decrease in reservoir capacity, the Marand plain has been banned since 1991. However, since 1994, the groundwater level been dropping year by year. As a result, many wells and qanats have been dried or their discharge capacity has been decreased, which has caused a lot of problems for the operating organizations. In this study, to investigate and manage the groundwater level variation in the Marand plain, three scenarios including supplying all consumption from groundwater resources, supplying drinking and industry consumption from the Aras River, and supplying drinking and industry consumption from the Aras River and applying the optimal management of the consumption for agricultural uses were defined. The water balance equation was used to establish the relationship between input, output, storage in an aquifer, and a variation of groundwater level in the Marand plain was estimated based on the available data (2005-2014). Finally, the zoning of the groundwater level was done for the September 1398 and the results were compared with the September 1393.
Methodology
In this research, the Marand plain with an area of 562.22 km2 in the northwest of East Azerbaijan province was selected as a case study. Investigating the hydrological and meteorological parameters of the Marand plain between the years 1982 and 2013 showed that the average annual precipitation was 283 mm, the average annual temperature was 12.8°C, and the average annual pan evaporation was 104 mm. The aim of this research was to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of the groundwater level of the Marand plain. For this purpose, the water balance estimation was done by using Excel and the zoning of groundwater level variation was done by using ArcGIS. A groundwater level analysis of the Marand plain was carried out based on the 50 observations of wells during 2005 to 2014. In this period, according to the groundwater level data, the aquifer parameters, such as the loss of the groundwater level and the amount of water withdrawal from the aquifer were determined. Then, various scenarios were defined for assessing the status of the aquifer.
Result and Discussion
The analysis of the groundwater level in the Marand Plain in a year statistical period (1982-2013) showed that the groundwater level of the plain had decreased about 16.56 m. Also the average annual groundwater level of the plain decreased about 48 cm between the years 2005 and 2015.
By applying the first scenario, in the next five years, the fall of the groundwater level in the zone 1 will be 2.35 m, in the zone 2 will be 2.25m, in the zone 3 will be 2.6m, and in the zone 4 will be 2.45m.
Also the area of the zone 4 had increased from 246 km2 to 252 km2 which indicated a further fall of the groundwater level in a large area of the plain. By applying the second scenario, in the next five years, the growth of the groundwater level in the zone 1 will be 1.74 m, in the zone 2 will be 1.67 m, in the zone 3 will be 1.93 m, and in the zone 4 will be 1.82 m. Indeed, following this trend, the groundwater level after 14 years will return to the situation of 10 years ago (2005). In addition, after 46 years, it will return to the situation of 32 years ago (1982). By applying the third scenario, in the next five years, the growth of the groundwater level in the zone 1 will be 4.78 m, in the zone 2 will be 4.58 m, in the zone 3 will be 5.29 m, and in the zone 4 will be 4.99 m. Following this trend, the groundwater level after 5 years will return to the situation of 10 years ago (2005). After 17 years, it will return to the situation of 32 years ago (1982).
Conclusion
The aim of this research was to estimate the spatial and temporal variation of the groundwater level in the Marand plain. The results showed that the annual average groundwater level had decreased 48 cm/year between the years 2005 and 2014. Also by applying the first scenario, with an intensified decline in the groundwater level in all zones, the status of the Marand aquifer becomes more critical. For example, in some areas, the groundwater level will decease about 2.6 m. By applying the second scenario, the groundwater level will increase at least 1.67 m and utmost 1.93m and by following this trend, after 14 years, the aquifer will return to the situation of 2005. Also by applying the third scenario, the groundwater level will increase at least 4.78 m and utmost 5.29m and by following this trend, after 5 years, the aquifer will return to the situation of 2005.
Hadi Nayyeri; Khabat Amani; Hamid Ganjaeian
Volume 3, Issue 7 , October 2016, , Pages 19-38
Abstract
Hadi Nayyeri[1]* Khabat Amani[2] Hamid Ganjaeian[3] Abstract The rivers physical and morphological properties survey and study is one of the first and most important actions in hydrological plans design and implementation. The aims of this research is Tarval drainage basin physical, hydrological, hydrographic ...
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Hadi Nayyeri[1]* Khabat Amani[2] Hamid Ganjaeian[3] Abstract The rivers physical and morphological properties survey and study is one of the first and most important actions in hydrological plans design and implementation. The aims of this research is Tarval drainage basin physical, hydrological, hydrographic and hydro geomorphology's traits surveying using software and statistical methods in order to access the appropriate information's to planning and implementing the constructions and watershed management plans. Tarval stream is the Caspian Sea sub basin that its drainage basin area from confluence location with Ghezel Owzan is 6955 km2. According to present statistics from 1971 to 2011 years the annual average of meteorology and synoptic basin temperature are 12.5 centigrade degree and annual precipitation is 352 mm that shows semi-arid situation of basin climatologically. The result shown that the drainage net densities in this basin is low and the number of streams per unit area is few. By considering the study area dispersal coverage and is some cases are high-density, the runoff coefficient is 0.35 percent and the basin delay time is 1.65 hours, and its time of concentration is 2.75 hours. The results shows that by considering the factors such as precipitation rate, basin low slope, little discontinuous seed sediment, the basin runoff amount is very low and precipitation of this area speedily drops down. For this reason the soil erosion percentage in this basin is so little and be controllable. In addition, the flood debit curvy changes with time passing have a slight curve that represent the basin immunity against flooding. [1]- Assistant Professor in Dept. of Geomorphology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, (Corresponding Autor), Email:nayyerihadi@yahoo.com. [2]- Student Hydregeomorphlogy, University of Tehran. Graduate Student Hydregeomorphlogy, [3]- Student Hydregeomorphlogy, University of Tehran. Graduate Student Hydregeomorphlogy,
Mojgan Entezari; Tahere Jalilian
Volume 6, Issue 18 , June 2019, , Pages 19-38
Abstract
IntroductionLandslide as a natural hazard is very dangerous especially in mountainous areas. It results in loss of human life and property around the world. In spite of the progress in identifying, measuring, predicting, and landslide warning systems, the damage caused by landslides is still increasing ...
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IntroductionLandslide as a natural hazard is very dangerous especially in mountainous areas. It results in loss of human life and property around the world. In spite of the progress in identifying, measuring, predicting, and landslide warning systems, the damage caused by landslides is still increasing worldwide. Therefore, given the importance of the problem, the most important managerial goals include favorable sustainable development in watershed and urban management, and the prediction and controlling of landslide with the aim of reducing its dangers. Indeed, many landslide damages are caused due to not observing correct principles of residential development, dam construction, and construction of roads and facilities. Consequently, the identification of the areas prone to landslide has a great importance for executive organizations. Indeed, the mentioned organizations knowing the location of these areas, they should certainly prevent structure construction in these areas as much as possible. In addition, if it is necessary, they should consider required technical tips and arrangements with more precision. According to the cost of performance, prioritizing the sub basins is very important. Decision making methods is an effective tool to deal with issues that may be created and in this context it has a lot of use. In recent years, attention to the ranking methods in environmental studies have been increased, especially in natural hazards risk management. In this paper, considering the importance and efficiency of the non-ranked ELECTRE-1 method and its non-compensatory nature, we tried to apply this method in the prioritization of landslide risk assessment in six sub-watersheds at Kermanshah province based on the factors and indicators affecting a landslide. The main objectives of the current research were: (1) identifying the main factors affecting the landslides occurrence in the study area, (2) prioritization of the watersheds based on the risk of landslide occurrences, and (3) introducing critical watersheds regarding landslide occurrence.MethodologyThis method, like other decision-making models, is applicable to choosing the best option among others. And like the TOPSIS model, it prioritizes or ranks options by various criteria. In the ELECTRE-1 method, the weight of the criteria should also be calculated for each option.Landslide risk assessment options for the study period are Mahidshat basin, Deira, Kanekabod, Tajrakbadre, Kangir basin, and Chika basin.In general, there are various indicators for assessing the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in the basins. According to the survey of location of the study area, of various factors affecting the occurrence of landslide, lithological factors, elevation, slope, slope direction, fault density, drainage density, congestion, land use, temperature, precipitation, and slip density were selected as effective factors.-ELECTREmodelFor the first time, it was developed by Roy (1968) in a situation where real criteria and limited privileged relationships were given. Due to the complexity and high volume of computations, the algorithm of the model was programmed in EXCEL software and the values of each step were obtained. Discussion and Conclusion In this research, a multi-criteria decision-making technique was used to map areas susceptible to landslide. To do so, the factors affecting the slope sensitivity to landslide were collected. Then, to apply ELECTERE I technique to rank the sensitivity of the selected sub watersheds to the landslide, the following steps were consecutively taken. 1) The Performance matrix was created to determine the weights of the criteria. 2) The Normalization and Non-normalization matrices were formed. 3) The Harmonious and Inharmonious matrices along with the Coordinated and Uncoordinated effective matrices were obtained. 4) The final Dominance matrix was calculated. The results suggested that among the selected sub watersheds, Mahidasht Rezevand basin ranked the first having the highest vulnerability to landslide occurrence. BadraTjrk and Chika basins respectively ranked the second and the third. Deira and Kanekabod basins shared the forth rank. Finally, Kangir basin was the least likely basin to suffer from landslide incident. The susceptibility maps of the studied basins together with field surveys confirmed the proper application of ELECTRE method for ranking the sub watersheds based on landside risk. Fig 2 indicates that over 36 percent of the landslides have occurred in the high risk area. The proposed method and findings of this study are invaluable for practitioners and future academic studies.
Taher Goli; Hesam Kavian; Rahim Kadkhodayi Ilkhchi; Ahad Nouri Mokhoori
Volume 6, Issue 19 , September 2019, , Pages 19-36
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Qum Tapeh dunes are wind sand dunes that are located between longitude of 46° 1' to 46° 2' east and latitude of 38° 14' to 38° 15' north. These dunes, covering an area of about 6 km2, are located in the northwest of Tabriz and southeast ...
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Abstract Introduction Qum Tapeh dunes are wind sand dunes that are located between longitude of 46° 1' to 46° 2' east and latitude of 38° 14' to 38° 15' north. These dunes, covering an area of about 6 km2, are located in the northwest of Tabriz and southeast of Sufian. Sedimentary rocks including sandstone, dolomite, and limestone are the most common rocks in the area. Generally, from the Neogene to the present day, the physical and chemical weathering of sedimentary rocks – mainly clastic ones – has provided detrital particles such as gravel, sand, and shale and chemical deposits such as limestone, gypsum, and salt in this region. Rapid winds in east-west direction and vice versa play an important role in sorting and distribution of the sediment particles. The sustainability of winds with constant energy has been associated with the transportation of fine particles; moreover, the accumulation of coarser particles would result in the development of sand dunes. Methodology In this research, the systematic sampling was first carried out for the granulometric analysis of sediment, investigating its constituents, and the recognition of the transportation agent. Discussion and conclusion Granulometry was performed by using a dry sieving method, with a sieve distance of 0.5 phi to silt (4 phi) by Carver (1971) method, Accordingly, the particles size in sediments of Qum Tapeh sand dunes was determined in the range of coarse sand to silt and clay. The results showed that the particles’ diameter in the sand dunes varied from 0.25 to 0.0039 mm (i.e., size of sand to silt and clay). The average sorting index was 0.321phi, which indicated that the sediments were well-sorted. The mean skewness was +0.357, which meant that the particles were fine skewed, and that the most important mechanism for transportation of these sediments was saltation. Also, the average kurtosis index was 1.726, which meant that they were very leptokurtic. The unimodality of the sediments also enhanced their sorting. Fine particle size, good sorting, and positive skewness indicated the effective role of wind in the transportation and distribution of sediment particles in the area. Comparing the kurtosis index and the sorting may lead to the conclusion that the more their kurtosis, the better their sorting. The petrography study showed that siltstone was the most important rock fragment in wind sediments of Qum Tapeh. The main constituents were clastics with very small amounts of carbonates, of which quartz was the most abundant (65%) mineral found in these sediments. The size of quartz in the sediments varied from silt to very coarse sand, and it often showed undulose extinction. In some monocrystalline quartz grains, there were some types of inclusions that were mostly zircon and muscovite. Monocrystalline quartz grains were mainly composed of plutonic and sedimentary quartz. The higher percent of monocrystalline quartz in comparison with polycrystalline quartz, as well as the presence of quartz grains with overgrowth cement indicated long-term transport and recycling of sediments in the area. The amount of feldspar in the sediments was 23%, which suggested that the potassium feldspars were more abundant than plagioclase. In terms of geomorphology, the sediments of this area were divided into categories of floating sand, shelter sand, and sand dunes. Also, the most important sand dunes were formed as longitudinal dunes. The direction of wind in the formation of these dunes was not clear, but it may have been in two directions.
Volume 1, Issue 1 , January 2015, , Pages 21-39
Abstract
Stream gravel mining involves the mechanical removal of gravel and sand directly from the active channel of rivers and streams. Stream gravel mining, generally, causes incision of the channel bed, which can propagate upstream and downstream for kilometers as a result of which bridges and other structures ...
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Stream gravel mining involves the mechanical removal of gravel and sand directly from the active channel of rivers and streams. Stream gravel mining, generally, causes incision of the channel bed, which can propagate upstream and downstream for kilometers as a result of which bridges and other structures may be undermined, and other environmental problems caused. The aim of this study is to investigate the damaging effects of excessive removal of sand and gravel from the Grango river bed. The materials of this research include topographic maps, geological maps, hydrological data, data provided from Dem and field data and Landsat Satellite image sensors of ETM 2008, and sensors of OLI 2013. To accomplish the aims set by the research, the river flows were calculated and the amount of permitted mining was estimated. The next step was to investigate the destruction caused by the river; sinuosity coefficient was calculated for the period between 2008 and 2013, and the amount of displacement in the river was estimated. Results showed that the river mining was much higher than the permissible limit and the sinuosity coefficient for the river in 2013 had had a significant increased compared to 2008. The results showed that the displacement of the moving rivers, and streams during the study varied between 75 and 100.
Abolgassem Amir Ahmadi; Maliheh Mohammadnia; Negar Golshani
Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 2017, , Pages 21-42
Abstract
Methods used for identification, separation and prioritization of flood prone areas generally consider the basin as a whole, or as regional regardless of the physical borders of the basin or the sub-basin. Hnnenjan Zrchshmh basin is located in Shahreza in Esfahan province. Every year, floods inflict ...
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Methods used for identification, separation and prioritization of flood prone areas generally consider the basin as a whole, or as regional regardless of the physical borders of the basin or the sub-basin. Hnnenjan Zrchshmh basin is located in Shahreza in Esfahan province. Every year, floods inflict considerable damage to large areas of its lands, rivers and orchards. Identifying and predicting the flood volume of these basins which undoubtedly condition the downstream areas and identifying the priorities and sensitivity of the sub-basins for flood control programs, is of great necessity. This study uses hydrological simulation method via HEC-HMS software to reconstruct and evaluate the routing flood hydrographs in the basin and analyze the sensitivity of flood discharges with respect to the parameters of the watershed in addition to CN, slope and area of each sub-basin in its logical extension. Calculation of the results in this study show that the kind of sub-basin participation in output flood are not necessarily proportional to the peak and that the sub-basins with high peak are not necessarily more effective in sealing the watershed outlet. Therefore, for any flood control operation or reduction of the peak flows in the watershed outlet, the effect of each basin after routing of the main channels must be determined. Then according to the share they have in the output seal, they should be prioritized and divided. Implementing the individual omission method of basins in the Hunejan Zrchshmh basin model with HEC-HMS software it was determined that the S13 sub-basin has the most and the S3 has the least decreasing effect on the output peak flow of the basin. Furthermore, increased CN in sub-basins S13-S5-S11-S12-S10-S15-S6 have increased the peak flow. Sub-basins S12-S13-S5-S10 showed greater sensitivity to changes in the area. Also the slope increase in the sub-basins S2, S4, S5, S7, S10, S12, S13, S15, S16, S17, S21, S22, and S24 has had a direct impact on the increase in peak flow output, having the reverse effect on other sub-basins.
Seyyedreza Hosseinzadeh; Ali Ghorbani Shourestani; Alimohammad Noormohammdi; Mohsen Rezaee Aref
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2017, , Pages 21-38
Abstract
Seyyedreza Hosseinzadeh[1] Ali Gorbani Shourestani[2]* Alimohamad Noormohamadi[3] Mosen Rezaee Arefi[4] Abstract Construction of dams and the creation of lakes behind them can lead to geomorphic changes on their edges. One of the most common changes of the kind is landslide. Dosti Dam, as one of the ...
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Seyyedreza Hosseinzadeh[1] Ali Gorbani Shourestani[2]* Alimohamad Noormohamadi[3] Mosen Rezaee Arefi[4] Abstract Construction of dams and the creation of lakes behind them can lead to geomorphic changes on their edges. One of the most common changes of the kind is landslide. Dosti Dam, as one of the largest storage dams in Iran, is facing such a critical situation. The purpose of this study is to identify the nature of the landslide phenomena, its causes, and the trends and future effects of landslide on the lake of Dosti dam. This research utilizes a descriptive-analytical and an experimental method by using IRS data, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), geological maps, satellite images and data from field and laboratory works along with observations of Earth sections, and sections of classes, and structural complications in the region to complete the geomorphological map, sampling of surface materials, mapping of sample slides for further monitoring and testing the particle size distribution. The results of study show 252 new landslides covering a total area of 123.8 acres (1/23 km). The volume of the sediment produced by these landslides which have entered the lake are about 8595433 m3 (8.59 km3). Causes of the landslide include geological, hydrological, anthropogenic, biological and climatic factors. The landslides have impacted the water quality, dam capacity and unstable domains near the lake, all of which render planning for landslide control a necessity. [1]- Associate Professor; Faculty of Geomorphology; University of Ferdowsi; Mashhad; Iran. [2]- Ph.D Student; Faculty of Geomorphology; University of Ferdowsi; Mashhad; Iran (Correspondeing author), Email:rezaee@mshdiau.ac.ir. [3]- Ph.D Student; Faculty of Geomorphology; University of Ferdowsi; Mashhad; Iran. [4]- Ph.D Student; Faculty of Geomorphology; University of Hakim Sabzevari; Sabzevar; Iran.
Asghar Asgari Moghaddam; Ataollah Nadiri; Vahid Pakniya
Volume 3, Issue 8 , December 2016, , Pages 21-52
Abstract
Received: 2015.06.08 Accepted: 2016.10.29 Asghar Asghari Moghaddam[1]* Ataollah Nadiri[2] Vahid Pakniya[3] Abstract Bostan Abad plain is located in East Azerbaijan province, North West of Iran. Groundwater resources of the plain supply significant portion of the drinking and agricultural water demands ...
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Received: 2015.06.08 Accepted: 2016.10.29 Asghar Asghari Moghaddam[1]* Ataollah Nadiri[2] Vahid Pakniya[3] Abstract Bostan Abad plain is located in East Azerbaijan province, North West of Iran. Groundwater resources of the plain supply significant portion of the drinking and agricultural water demands of the area, as a result, protection of these resources from contamination is an important task. Therefore, for assessing of the aquifer vulnerability, DRASTIC and SINTACS models were used in GIS software setting. The plain vulnerability maps for each model, according to data layers including depth of water table, net recharge rate, aquifer media, soil media, topography, VA-dose zone media and hydraulic conductivity were prepared. The final map of aquifer vulnerability with five zone of vulnerability from very low to high is produced. DRASTIC and SINTACS index were calculated from 61 to188 and 92 to 202 respectively. The sensitivity analysis was determined by a single parameter that the vadose zone media has the most significant impact on the vulnerability index. The distribution of nitrate ions concentrations were used for the models verification. The adaptation nitrate layer and zoning map of vulnerability for both models showed that the areas with high concentration of nitrates are coincided with high potential vulnerability areas. The correlation coefficient of 0.75 between DRASTIC model and nitrate layer were obtained. For preparing the contamination risk map of groundwater, the land use layer was overlapped to DRASTIC vulnerability map. The results of overlapping maps showed that 31.33 percent of the total area of land used for agriculture is high potential vulnerable area. According to the final maps of vulnerability for both models the central and northwestern parts of the plain contains the highest contamination potential in the area. [1]- Professor, Dept. of Earth Science, University of Tabriz (Corresponding Autor), Email:moghaddam@tabrizu.ac.ir. [2]- Assistant Prof, Dept. of Earth Science, University of Tabriz. [3]- M.Sc student, Dept. of Earth Science, University of Tabriz.
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud; Zeinab Doltshahi; Mehdi Pourahamad
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, , Pages 21-41
Abstract
According to the economic and industrial growth and the production of different kinds of compounds and chemical materials which provided by human for their welfare using natural resources and in this direction , they came undesirably materials such as toxic and heavy metals into nature which result in ...
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According to the economic and industrial growth and the production of different kinds of compounds and chemical materials which provided by human for their welfare using natural resources and in this direction , they came undesirably materials such as toxic and heavy metals into nature which result in serious risks and problems for both them and their surrounding environment. The research area of this, study is the city of Khorramabad that is located in west of Iran, central of Lorestan province; In this study, in order to determine the quality of drinking water of studied area, 23 fountains and wells circles related with heavy elements including (chrome, molybdenum, copper, zinc, barium, cobalt, aluminum, lead, cadmium, nickel) during three years (2011-2013) was used. In order to determine the rate of minimum and maximum concentration of elements among studied area’s fountains and wells, Excel software was used. Then, in the software of geographic information system (GIS), The map interpolation method of each heavy elements in each supplier resources of drinking water has produced and amount of each element and parameter and stated amounts by Iran national organization, world Health organization (WHO), America’s environment organization (EPA) have been compared and the rate of pollution of each water resource should be determined. With respect to present data or information, the rate of maximum and minimum of heavy pollutions and elements in each of studied water resources determined. the results showed that the concentration mean of chrome, molybdenum, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, cadmium and nickel is lower than national standards level, world health organization (WHO) and America’s standard (EPA), but in Motahari’s fountain, the rate of chrome heavy metal is higher than standard level (WHO). The mean of barium element concentration in resources was lower than national standard level and was higher than standard level (WHO) and (EPA) standard in all resources. The concentration of aluminum element is lower than national standard and is higher than standard level (EPA).
Ata Allah Nadiri; Saeed Yousefzadeh
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, , Pages 21-40
Abstract
An accurate estimation of the hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, which is essential for careful management and protection of groundwater resources, is an important part of hydrogeological studies. Various field and laboratory methods, generally done using hydrogeological data, ...
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An accurate estimation of the hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, which is essential for careful management and protection of groundwater resources, is an important part of hydrogeological studies. Various field and laboratory methods, generally done using hydrogeological data, have already been proposed for estimating hydraulic conductivity. One of the best and the most complete methods is the field pumping test which is very time-consuming and expensive. In addition, hydrogeological parameters estimated by it have an inherent uncertainty. In this study, we tried to use artificial intelligence methods, widely considered in recent years, such as artificial neural network (ANN), mamdani fuzzy logic(MFL), sugeno fuzzy logic(SFL), and adoptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity. In this study, for the accurate estimation of the hydraulic conductivity in Maraghe-Bonab plain by these models, geophysical and hydrogeological data were used as models' inputs. Their results were compared with the evaluation criteria, and the best model based on the RMSE was selected. Accordingly, the ANFIS model, compared to other models, with an RMSE of 1.12 in the test phase has high power in the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity. Radius of clustering, number of fuzzy rules, and number of clusters are very important in fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy models. Radius of clustering in the ANFIS model, based on the minimum RMSE amount, was equal to 0.4 and the numbers of clusters, based on if-then fuzzy rules, was 9. The methods presented in this study, which demonstrated superior performance in estimating hydraulic conductivity of Maragheh-Bonab plain, can be used in estimating hydraulic conductivity of other plains with similar hydrogeological conditions.
Bakhtiar Feizizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 11 , September 2017, , Pages 21-38
Abstract
Introduction
The modification of the Earth’s terrestrial surface by human activities is commonly known as the land use/land cover change (LULCC) around the globe. Although the modification of the land by humans to obtain livelihoods and other essentials has been a common practice for thousands ...
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Introduction
The modification of the Earth’s terrestrial surface by human activities is commonly known as the land use/land cover change (LULCC) around the globe. Although the modification of the land by humans to obtain livelihoods and other essentials has been a common practice for thousands of years, the extent, intensity, and rate of LULCC are far greater now than they were in the past. These changes are driving forces for local, regional, and global level unprecedented changes in the ecosystems and environmental processes. The empirical studies conducted by researchers from diverse disciplines have found that changes in the land use/land cover is a key to many diverse applications such as agriculture, environment, ecology, forestry, geology, and hydrology.
Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS are the most common methods for the quantification, mapping, and detection of the patterns of the LULCC, because of their accurate geo-referencing procedures, digital formats suitable for computer processing, and repetitive data acquisition. Technically speaking, the remote sensing based digital satellite images have a high capability for natural resources' management operations. Land use/land cover change detection is considered as one of the most important applications in the domain of the remote sensing satellite images. Related to this applicability, it will be possible to apply multi-temporal satellite images for the detection of the land use change. Based on the results obtained from the change detection operation and modeling of the further land use changes, one will be capable to makes better decision for natural resources' management. Based on this statement, the main objective of this research is to represent the applicability of the satellite images for the detection of the land use changes, particularly on the upper areas of the Allavian dam of the Sofi-chai basin.
Dataset and methods
The study area was the upper area of the Allavian Dam in Maragheh. The research was carried out based on the digital interpretations of the Landsat images (ETM+ and TM) of the years 1989, 2000, 2002, and 2015. Based on these images, the land use changes of this region were separately detected for 3 periods. It should be noted that the widely practiced operations such as image preprocessing, classification, and post processing with those related techniques were considered in this study. Indeed, it is widely known that preprocessing before the the change detection phenomenon is very important in order to establish a more direct relationship between the acquired data and the biophysical phenomena. Accordingly, atmospheric and geometric correction were applied as the first step on satellite images. In doing so, the LSLC classes were determined based on the spatial resolution of the satellite images. Then, image enhancement methods were applied to detect each LULC class on the satellite image. Next, GPS based training data was collected in the field operation and integrated with the satellite images. In addition, the supervised maximum likelihood was applied to derive LULC map for each year. The validation step was also part of this section for the accuracy assessment based on kappa coefficient and error matrix.
Results and Conclusion
After developing LULC maps, the results were transformed into GIS environment for the following steps and GIS analysis. The results indicated a significant changes in LULC of the study area. They also indicated that orchards cover had increased throughout the study periods but rich range lands widely converted into poor range lands because of losing the significant canopy of the native plants. Increasing the trend of the orchards area may be in relation with the population growth and this factor can be affected by ( have an effect on) range land degrading. The water supply out of Allavian dam might be another reason for increasing the orchard’s area. The results also acknowledged the capability of the remote sensing for the LULC and change detection analysis. The results of this research are of great importance for decision making authorities in governmental departments such as the ministry of agriculture and natural resources for the purposes of planning and decision making.
Mahmood Alaei Taleghani; Najmeh Shafiei; Marzyeh Rajabi
Volume 4, Issue 13 , March 2018, , Pages 21-41
Abstract
Introduction Groundwater resources, due to being sweet and having chemical compounds, fixed temperatures, lower pollution rates, and higher levels of reliability in supplying water resources, are considered as reliable resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, due to the ecological ...
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Introduction Groundwater resources, due to being sweet and having chemical compounds, fixed temperatures, lower pollution rates, and higher levels of reliability in supplying water resources, are considered as reliable resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. In addition, due to the ecological potential of the region, it is an important and effective phenomenon in the economic development, ecological diversity, and community health. Relying on groundwater resources, especially in dry and semi-arid lands, has led many scholars to study how to form or access them. The main objectives of this research are to investigate the effective role of geomorphologic factors in the potential of underground water resources in the region and the possibility of proper management of water resources in the studied basin and to be more knowledgeable about groundwater issues,. Therefore, studying and identifying the hydro geomorphology of the area and the factors affecting the aquifers is essential. The study area is located in the geographical boundary of the west of the country in the northeast hillside of the Zagros range. The area of Meiandareh, with an area of 329 km2, is located in the northern part of Kermanshah Province. Methodology The method used in this research was based on the analytical and weight-empirical analysis carried out in separate steps. First, an inferential method was used to determine the direction and amount of groundwater flow, the role of nutrition of various geomorphological phenomena in the plain, the position of the piezometer wells, and the groundwater level map for the plain. Second, weighing index based on expert opinion and expert of Delphi-completed questionnaire of various weighted layers were used. Finally, the potential of the plain and its favorable regions were studied using the pairwise G.I.S. software. Discussion In the maps of the groundwater level of the plain, it was indicated that while the maximum level in the eastern margin of the eastern part of the region at the beginning of the apple flank was about 25 m, in the boundary of the Ghareh Souz River and flood plains, it was about 3 m. Thus, the groundwater flows from the northern and eastern parts to the central parts and outlet of the basin. Indeed, the farther from the heights, the lower the thickness and the higher the level of the stairway. Therefore, the river is located in the Al-Qaer plain line and plays the role of the drainage of the plain and the outlet of the water of the upper land. In 1382, the water table was the lowest with a depth of 3-16 m. In 2009, however, it was the highest water table with a depth of 3.17-25 m. it was also shown that there was a decline in the amount of the groundwater since 1388 in comparison to 1382 due to harvesting. Conclusion The map obtained from the composition of the layers indicated the importance or weight of each zone in the groundwater potential. The final configuration was divided into three classes with a very suitable, appropriate, and inappropriate potential. Regarding the results and the status of discharge, the eastern and central boundaries of the middle reaches have high potential for the artificial feeding of groundwater. There is also a lower risk for drilling wells. In general, the aquifer of the plain is considered as the limit of humidity and rainfall absorption and water supply required by the middle reaches plain. Physical weathering of the rocks and proper rangeland cover caused plenty of gaps and increased groundwater nutrition in this area. It seems that one of the important reasons for water guidance in the axis of the plain of the navy building and the direction of the slopes of the China's flanks is the drainage of the surface water and the underground water. However, the volume of groundwater in the plain is the only function. The result of the study of water behavior in exploratory and piezoelectric wells has shown that the low drainage density plays the main role in feeding plain in flood plains, coniferous fringes of eastern plains, slopes of 0-2%, and low altitudes. These lands are usually highly influential and because of the fertility and access to surface and underground water resources, the establishment of the demographic and agricultural lands can be seen within them. A significant level of plain lands is flood plain, which plays a very important role in the nutrition of groundwater resources of the plain. According to the maps, the depth of the groundwater level, the main flow of underground water in the plain are from north to south, which indicates that the main river plain in this region plain and evacuates underground water from the area. Sedimentary plain with infiltration infrastructure and young alluvial coverage is the most potential area for water resources in Meiandareh.
Masoumeh Rajabi; Shahram Roostaei; Bahareh Akbari
Volume 6, Issue 20 , December 2019, , Pages 21-40
Abstract
1- IntroductionRiver morphology is the science of knowing the river system regarding general shape and form, dimensions and hydraulic geometry, direction and longitudinal profile of the bed, and the process and quality of its changes. The river plan is divided into three classes of direct, braided (multi-branch) ...
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1- IntroductionRiver morphology is the science of knowing the river system regarding general shape and form, dimensions and hydraulic geometry, direction and longitudinal profile of the bed, and the process and quality of its changes. The river plan is divided into three classes of direct, braided (multi-branch) and meandering river in terms of the morphological structure of the river, among which the meandering pattern has attracted the most attention due to its abundance in nature. In order to describe the pattern of the meandering streams, a number of geometric parameters related to the river plan have been defined. By analyzing the frequency and magnitude of these characteristics along the river and at different times, the river changes in the temporal and spatial dimension can be examined. These parameters Such as the length of the pontoon, the width of the pontoon, the width of the river and the length of the river. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and patterns of the Aji Chai River. These parameters are such as the length of meander, the width of meander, river width, and the length of the river. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and pattern of the Aji Chai Rivers’ meanders. 2- MethodologyThe study area was part of Aji-Chay River (Bakhshayesh to Khajeh) with an approximate length of 50 km, located in the northeast of Tabriz. The following materials are used in this study:1) Topographic map of 1:50000 and 1:250000 scales were used to examine the morphology of the study area,2)Geological maps of 1:250000 and 1:100000 scales for the analysis of geological and tectonic characteristics of the study area and 3)Using Landsat-8 and Google Earth satellite images and the ArcGIS, Excel, Autocad softwares.The study area was divided into three reaches. Some circles fitted to the meanders in the AutoCAD environment and the geometric characteristics such as wavelength, arc length, and radius of curvature of the circle, which is tangent to the river path, were measured to calculate the curvature coefficient (S = c / v) and the central angle (c/Rπ = ϴ 180). Then specification of each of the circles of the same samples was obtained and then in the EXCEL software, a plot of the samples was drawn. 3- ResultsDue to the long-range of the study area, the intended path was divided into three reaches. In terms of the central angle index in the first reach, the most frequent central angle was 62.5%, which is related to developed meander pattern. In the second reach, the highest frequency of central angle with 56% was related to the developed meandered pattern. In the third reach also the most frequent central angle was related to the developed meander pattern with a frequency of 57.5%. By comparing the three studied reaches in terms of the central angle index in general, it is concluded that all three reaches have a meandering pattern, in particular, a developed one, so that the average of all three reaches (the first reach 110.2, the second 118.2, and the third 123.1, respectively) are in the developed meandering pattern category (85-158). In each of three reaches, the most frequent central angle belongs to the developed meandering pattern.The average curvature coefficient of the reaches, calculated by dividing the sum of frequencies in each reach by the total number of samples of each reach, is as follows: in the first reach, the average curvature coefficient was 1.18 which is in the range of 1-06 – 1.25 showing a sinusoidal pattern. In the second reach, the average curvature coefficient is 1.30, which is in 1.25-2 range, also has a meandering pattern. In the third reach, the average is 1.26, which is the same as the second average in the range 1.25-2 and the pattern is meandering. In general, the pattern of flow in the first reach was sinusoidal and with the increase of arches in the second reach, it changed to the meandering pattern. In the third reach, although, there was a minor reduction trend was, it retained the meandering pattern. 4- Discussion and conclusionBased on the results from the morphometric indices, including the central angle and curvature coefficient in the studied area, the total mean of the central angle in the three reaches is 126.1 degrees, which is in the range of 85-158, showing the developed meandering pattern in the river morphology.The mean curvature coefficient in the three studied reaches is 1.25, which is in range 1.25-2, takes the meandering pattern in terms of curvature coefficient, so the studied river has a meandering to developed meandering patterns.The findings of the study indicate that the study area has a nearly uniform and smooth slope, and considering the fact that the existence of a gradient is a significant factor affecting the development of the developed arcs and meander formation, as a result, in determining the river pattern and morphology of the study area, the topography factor had the first priority.Due to the fact that erodible formations cover most of the area, the factor of lateral erosion in low-slope areas has been effective in the warping of the river path due to the presence of loose and erodible sediments.
Morteza Samadian; Behzad Hessari; MirAli Mohammadi; Mohammad Taghi Alami
Abstract
1-Introduction River training, flood control projects and every changing of river geometry will change the morphology conditions of the river and hydraulic characteristics of the flow in the river. In fact, the goal of river training plans can be found on the basis of the initial energy equilibrium of ...
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1-Introduction River training, flood control projects and every changing of river geometry will change the morphology conditions of the river and hydraulic characteristics of the flow in the river. In fact, the goal of river training plans can be found on the basis of the initial energy equilibrium of the river. In this study, the impact of river training on the hydrodynamic conditions of Zarrineh River in conjunction with Shahindezh city in different scenarios were investigated. Zarrineh River training project modeling, as a general objective, is the use of hydraulic simulations to create a river water surface based on new physical, civil, and hydrological properties of a given reach. The motivations for conducting such simulations are flood plain extent mapping based on current and new scenarios and the determination of water level along the study river reach. The objective of this project is to create maps before and after a new river training plan, all within the GIS and Autocad environment with georefrenced origin. Study of Zarrineh river project requires a thorough evaluation of the possible impacts that it may have, both upstream and downstream from the Vahdat Bridge on Zarineh River. Prediction of the operation, maintenance, and repair or replacement of the bridge, requirements of existing and proposed projects are other roles that river hydraulics simulations play in the planning and design processes. Zarineh River is a very wild river and every civil project highly needed to be evaluated from different aspects especially new geomorphological conditions. New liberalized areas beside the river for each scenario should be determined and evaluated for new land use utilizing particularly for Eco-Tourism usages. Sharifi and Pernoun (2017 p. 59) emphasized that the dynamical power of the river in the upstream and flow forces reduction in the downstream have a significant effect in the geometry formation of the rivers. Niranjan et al., (2010) showed that the MIKE11HD model has been able to accurately estimate and simulate water level in Berahmani river. The simulated river surface profile from MIKE11HD was used to simulate protective structures behavior in the river. The performance of the MIKE11 model in the simulation of hydrologic-hydrodynamic processes of rivers were confirmed in other studies such as Guang et al. (2017), Uleke et al. (2017), Tran et al. (2018) and Kha et al. (2018). 2- Methodology MIKE11 was selected to simulate current and selected new river training scenarios that iteratively solves a one-dimensional energy balance to produce water elevations based on river geometry, channel roughness, flow rate and boundary conditions. MIKE11, developed by DHI, is a software package for simulating flows in rivers. The river geometry is provided in the form of channel cross-sections at regular intervals along the direction of flow. The number of cross sections that are taken varies with study requirements and stream characteristics. About 1 km reach of the upstream and downstream of existing Vahdat bridge with 14 cross sections under current situation (without bridges and without training), the bridge with 120 meters without training, the bridge with 120 m, 200 m and 300 m with bed and banks training. For the current and scenarios it is needed to predict stage, discharge, and velocity as functions of time anywhere on a river in different return periods such as 25 yr. To measure cross-sectional coordinates, previous topographic maps generated from field surveys performed with land surveying instruments were used. All information to set up the Mike model, including input data files, simulation period, time step and the name of result files and also initial and boundary conditions have been determined and defined. Flow hydrographs for the project at the bridge location for all scenarios, extracted from hydraulically simulations from Mike11. For Hydrograph prediction the Saint-Venant approach with Finite Element method and Six-Point Algorithm of Abbott used to discretized temporal and spatial elements. 3- Results and discussion Zarrineh river project consists of Vahdat Bridge that should be modelled and finally it should be cover reliability of new area liberalization without any impact to users of Shahindezh such as Municipality, regional water authority, Environmental protection agency and Ministry of Roads and City affairs. In river training scenario with widening bridge to 300 m, in addition of a liberalization of 90 ha areas on both sides of river banks, water level will be decreased about 65 cm and maximum flow capacity will be increased to 115000 m3. The calibration results indicate that the estimated error rate of flow volume (REV) and the relative error in the peak (REQP) for training scenario are 0.197 and 1.792% respectively that corresponding to current condition about 0.068 and 2.82 percent .This figures shows good agreement between modeled and observed values. Vahdat Bridge with 120 lengths with 1200 m3/sec (25 yr return flow) will overflow to adjacent areas. The modelling results show the high potential of river training on the flood transmitting and flood routing and also, the accuracy of the simulation of unsteady flow is one dimensional for the desired range by the MIKE11 mathematical model. 4- Conclusion The river training projects should be modelled, controlled, evaluated for overflow problem from sidewalls and also river bed and banks should be controlled that is not affected by water score problem. For secure hydrograph transmitting in the reach of Zarineh River and Shahindezh city conjunction, the 300-meter bridge widening scenario is selected and the executive maps and detailed plans for the river training, bridge with a width of 300 meters, sidewalls and end sill structure (river bed stabilizing structure for preventing score) were provided.
Mahin Naderi; Alireza Ildoromi; Hamid Nouri; Soheila Aghabeigi Amin; Hossein Zeinivand
Volume 5, Issue 14 , June 2018, , Pages 23-42
Abstract
Introduction
In a natural ecosystem, changing the environmental conditions of that ecosystem influences hydrological responses such as flooding and the extent of erosion and sedimentation of the area. One of the models used to investigate the effect of land use change and climate change on SWAT runoff, ...
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Introduction
In a natural ecosystem, changing the environmental conditions of that ecosystem influences hydrological responses such as flooding and the extent of erosion and sedimentation of the area. One of the models used to investigate the effect of land use change and climate change on SWAT runoff, the SWAT model is a hydrological simulator and a continuous and semi-distributive time-space model with a physical base. Understanding the relationship between land use change and its causative factors and its secondary effects on hydrologic regimes provides essential information for land use planning and sustainable management of natural resources. Investigating the amount and trend of the changes and its effect on hydrological processes in the basin is a way to predict the state of future changes and provide more effective plans for sustainable development of water resources in the basin. The construction of the Garin Dam in the Garin Basin and the risk of filling the sediment reservoir with sediment and reducing its useful life due to seasonal floods and the effect of basin land use and climate change on the reason for choosing this area for this research. The purpose of this study was to study the land use and climate change in the studied watershed and determine the effect of these changes on the runoff rate of this watershed in order to better manage it.
Study of Area
Garin dam dam is located in the province of Hamedan and is located in the mountain range of Zagros mountains. This area includes the catchment area of Sarab Gamasiab River to the Garin Reservoir Dam and its area is up to the 22,000-square-meter Garin Garin Dam, the Garinland basin is mainly mountainous and its range of elevation ranges from 1833.9 to 3429.2229 meters above sea level.
Materials and Methods
SWAT model input data include climatic and hydrological data (daily precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, dew point and solar radiation), which is ten years in the study of statistics related to the synoptic stations Skinheads Became Topographic maps, digital elevation model (DEM), soil and land use are also needed as model inputs. A digital elevation model (DEM) was extracted using a topography map of 1: 250,000 Garin River basin. Calibration and validation of the SWAT model in SWAT CUP software. The study used calibration data from 2002 to 2007 and 2008 to 2010 for validating the model. In order to determine the degree of sensitivity of flow parameters in the model SWAT using SUFI2 software SWAT CUP sensitivity analysis for 24 parameters election, the results of the sensitivity analysis on the Elimination of parameters that has the less sensitive they are, the calibration process decision It is accepted. According to the P-value and T-Stat criteria, the sensitivity of the parameters is determined. Land use maps of 1986, 2000, and 2014 were prepared in the previous stages, and the Markov chain and the CA Markov filter were used to map the land use in 2042. In this research, the outputs of the Hadcm3 model were used to predict Garin's future climate. In this research, the SDSM statistical method was used to fine-scale the output of the general atmospheric circulation models. The SWAT model was used in the range of calibrated parameters to simulate runoff from climate change in Garin basin under two scenarios A2 and B2. After micro-sampling, the SWAT model was converted and the model was analyzed for the scenarios. Then, the results of model implementation with different scenarios and the results of model implementation with the current climate conditions were compared
Discussion and results
Regarding the results of statistical indices, NS index is equal to 0.95, P factor and R factor were respectively 0.47 and 0.03 respectively, and the coefficient of determination (R2) for simulated and simulated floodguns was 60 / 0. Accordingly, the results were confirmed in the calibration phase. The validation phase was conducted to verify the correctness of the selection of parameters during the calibration period for the period 2008-2010. Given that the Nashatcliff coefficient for Garin's catchment area at calibration and validation stage was equal to 0.95 and 0.66, respectively, the results were satisfactory and the SWAT model was able to simulate surface runoff in Garin River Basin. In general, due to increased forest use due to increased permeability and water drainage to the surface and deep water aquifers and increased evapotranspiration, the amount of runoff has decreased. Regarding the results of temperature, rainfall and runoff of the next period, it can be seen that in the months when rainfall is reduced and the temperature increased, the amount of runoff in the coming period also decreases. The main reasons for this discrepancy can be attributed to the difference in the intensity of land use change as well as the extent of the altered land area, which, given the mountainous nature of the area in the Garinland basin, can be compared to other areas with flat lands with agricultural uses. It is concluded that the effect of climate change in the Garin dam basin is greater than the change in land use due to its mountainous nature.
Conclusion
The results of the study of the effect of land use change on runoff in the Garin basin indicate that the amount of runoff is decreasing daily and monthly in this catchment area. Also, the results of the study on the effect of climate change on runoff in the Garinwestern basin indicate that the amount of runoff is daily and monthly in this catchment area. Considering that in both scenarios A2 and B2 the monthly average temperature, especially in the first and last months of the year, has an increasing trend and rainfall has decreased in the spring and winter, this decrease can be attributed to the increase in temperature which Following this, evaporation also increases and decreases in rainfall in this catchment area. Regarding the results, it can be seen that the average monthly runoff in months when rainfall decreased in January, February, February, April, May and December, and in the months when rainfall increased As of June, July, August and September, the amount of runoff will increase compared to the current period. It is also observed that the effect of land use change on the reduction of runoff in the upcoming period is lower compared to the change effect under A2 and B2 scenarios and will affect the climate change of the runoff more flatly and the reduction of runoff is more affected by climate change. According to the information obtained from these predictions, it is possible to properly manage the watershed and adopt appropriate management measures in accordance with the conditions of this watershed and to prevent unauthorized land use changes and reduce the damage caused by The phenomenon of climate change.
Abouzar Niknam; Ahmad Nohegar; Atefeh Jafarpoor; Mohammad Taghi Avand
Volume 5, Issue 16 , December 2018, , Pages 23-41
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Rivers are considered as one of the main sources of water and energy supply for humans, due to their special effects on human life and the formation of different civilizations. Therefore, their behavior should be considered. Flood flow is very complicated in natural rivers, especially ...
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Abstract
Introduction
Rivers are considered as one of the main sources of water and energy supply for humans, due to their special effects on human life and the formation of different civilizations. Therefore, their behavior should be considered. Flood flow is very complicated in natural rivers, especially in Meanderi Rivers. Therefore, the present research uses a numerical model to evaluate river floods characterized as different return periods of 10 and 50 years. The study area is located on the Kor River. Methodology
In this study, the geometry model and a numerical mesh system were calculated by taking advantage of topographic surveys and the required parameters for running CCHE2D were collected through filed works.
The CCHE2D model, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of flow and sediment transportation for unsteady flows, is able to simulate and analyze sediment transportation flows and morphological processes. It contains two parts:
1- CCHE-MESH generation for meshing the studied area
2- CCHE-GUI for applying the resulted mesh to simulate flow and sediment.
Finally, the model outputs including flow depth were obtained for the considered river reach in different return periods. Result
In this study, using the numerical model CCHE2D, changes in the depth of the water in two return periods of 10 and 50 years in different sections of the river route were obtained and the diagram of these changes was one of the outputs of the model.
Discussion and Conclusion
Study shows discharges with different return periods. In the Meander range of the study area, centrifugal force gradient flow of flow on the center and cross slope caused at the level of the water was so high, but the water level in the upper arch cross external and internal were decreasing. This phenomenon caused peripheral gradient pressure within the cross section which resulted in an imbalance of the local effect between the centrifugal force and gradient pressure flow, the secondary flow forms in the transverse section.
Once flooding occurs in the river (50-year return period), water level exceeds the main river channel and enters the surrounding floodplains. Under such circumstances, due to the differences between flood plains roughness and the main channel, flow rate (velocity) on flood plain is much slower than the main channel. Consequently, such difference leads to some shear layers in crossing points of the main channel and floodplain in the entrance, resulting in greater water turbulence. The comparison of the water flow velocity in different reach sections indicated that the highest water velocity was related to the first meander so that in return periods of 10 and 50 years it respectively reached 2.7 m/s and 3 m/s. The results of the study confirmed the applicability of the numerical model to predict river changes using flow parameters. Therefore, it can be said that the present numerical model is capable of analyzing the river changes in the wind tunnel channels in a desirable manner.
Raoof Mostafazadeh; Ali Nasiri khiavi
Volume 5, Issue 17 , March 2019, , Pages 23-44
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The analysis of the temporal and spatial variations of surface runoff is one of the important issues in hydrology, water and soil resources management, and environmental science. Variability is an intrinsic component of environmental factors and elements. Today, the study of changes ...
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Abstract
Introduction
The analysis of the temporal and spatial variations of surface runoff is one of the important issues in hydrology, water and soil resources management, and environmental science. Variability is an intrinsic component of environmental factors and elements. Today, the study of changes in hydrological patterns and processes is one of the most important requirements for water and soil resources management. The temporal and spatial variations of runoff flow and discharge in terms of water use and exploitation have many economic effects, and this variability is the main cause of floods and droughts at different scales. In addition, hydrological processes, by changing the spatial and temporal scales, provide different responses that limit the repeatability of hydrological observations. In general, the tools of assessing changes in hydro-climatic time series include information theory and dominance measure. The first category indices include the Shannon Index and the Brillouin Index. While, the dominance measures include the Simpson index, the McIntosh index, and the Berger-Parger index, the indices of information theory measures have the best parameters. The Shannon index has a better distribution than Simpson or Berger Parker. While the Braillein index has a similar distribution to the Shannon index, it limits ranges from zero to one.
Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes of the Discharge Variability Indices (DVI) of surface runoff in some watersheds of Ardabil Province.
Methodology
Toward this attempt, the discharge variability indices of river flow fluctuations were calculated on a monthly time-scale including Shannon, Brillouin, Simpson, McIntosh, Berger-Parker, Index of Variability, Rainfall Anomaly Index, and Discharge Variability Index. For this puprpose, 22 river gauge stations in Ardabil Province were selected. First, the index values were calculated in the Excel software. After calculating these indices, their spatial variations were investigated in the studied area using the distance mapping method in ArcGIS 10.1. The spatial variations of the indices in the studied area were evaluated. In addition, the Triple Diagram Models were used to determine the temporal variation of the DVIs in relation to flow changes over the study time periods using Surfer software. Next, the Pearson correlation coefficient between the discharge variability indices were performed using R software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the variability of the DVIs were higher in the upstream regions than the downstream regions, which can be related to the less changes in river flow regimes and the limited interference caused by human utilizations. The highest and lowest values of the coefficient of variation were observed in the Macintosh and DAI+ indices respectively with the values of 195.55% and -567.06%. The results of the triple diagram models indicated that the variability of DVIs were higher in low river flow values. According to the interpolation results, the upstream stations were less variable, while in the downstream stations, the degree of variability was greater due to different human interactions. Based on the results of the triple diagram models, it can be said that the variability of Shannon, Simpson, Berger-Parker, McIntosh, and DVI indices was lower in low discharge values. Also, the DAI+ and DAI- indices were more variable in lower discharge values. The results also showed that there was a significant correlation between the Brillouin index and Index of Variability (-0.42), while the Berger index -Parker and Index of Variability had a positive correlation (0.91). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between RAI+ and RAI- indices (0.62) and the correlation between RAI- and DVI was significant (0.64). In addition, the degree of variability had decreased in recent years. Also, the correlation relationship of DVIs were tested using the R software.
Conclusion
Based on the results, in the upstream regions, the flow rate of the rivers was much lower than the downstream river gauge stations, which can be explained by the condition of the flow near the natural flow of the river. However, in the downstream stations on the main river (such as Samian and Arbab Kandi stations), the existence of Yamchi and Sabalan dams have been caused by a disruption and through the regulatory effect of the dam. In general, the Shannon index as an information-based index and Simpson (dominance-based index) yielded different results from other indicators. Most of the indices showed that the rate of variability in the low flow was higher than the high discharge values. In addition, in recent periods, the degree of variability of the flow has decreased based on most indices, although determining the cause of reducing the variability caused by climate change or human activities requires further studies. The assessment of the variability of the flow at the watershed scale allows the optimal utilization of surface water in the proper seasons and determines the effect of human activities on the river regime.
GholamReza Maghami Moghim; AliAkbar Taghipour; Houshang Khairy
Volume 6, Issue 21 , March 2020, , Pages 23-42
Abstract
1-IntroductionThe excessive usage of groundwater has led to some problems in recent years such as the salinization of wells water, drying of aqueducts and springs. Due to the importance of groundwater, some important studies have been conducted accordingly; the oldest belongs to the Greek philosophers. ...
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1-IntroductionThe excessive usage of groundwater has led to some problems in recent years such as the salinization of wells water, drying of aqueducts and springs. Due to the importance of groundwater, some important studies have been conducted accordingly; the oldest belongs to the Greek philosophers. There are also some articles in this field of Iranian scholars such as Abourihan and Hamdollah Mostofi. Pierre Perrault and Edme Mariotte were the first who wrote about the origin of groundwater in France in a scientific way. Moreover, significant studies have been carried out in this regard including Nayak (2006) investigated the Godavari Basin in Maharashtra province (India), Zhang (2009) studied the Pear Basin in China, Potop (2011) explored a study in the Czech Republic, Jang (2012) conducted a study in the Pingtung Plain in Taiwan, Sinha (2014) investigated Valapattnam Basin (India), and Yang (2012) carried out a study in the plain of Beijing. In Iran, as well, Khosravi (2014) in the Garmsar plain and Javdanian (2016) in the plains around the city of Isfahan, have conducted important studies in this regard. Although groundwater issues are attributed to humans in most of these studies, but it seems that besides the negative effects of some human activities, they have somewhat moderated the decline in groundwater levels in recent years. Despite the fact that the usage of groundwater in the Safiabad plain dates back to a few hundred years, there has not been any significant studies conducted in terms of its groundwater. In this study carried out through field and library methods, it was attempted to investigate the changes of groundwater level in this plain, so that the human positive effects could be identified in this field whose results could be utilized in better controlling and managing groundwater.2-MethodologyTo do the research, firstly, the studied region was determined using field studies as well as topographic and geological maps. Statistics related to the groundwater levels of 27 years (1992 -2016) were obtained from the North Khorasan Regional Water Authority, and the data on agricultural activities was collected from the Esfarayen Agricultural Jihad Department and the climatic statistics were sourced from the Safiabad Synoptic Meteorological Station. The data regarding smart meters was obtained by interviewing with North Khorasan Regional Water Authority experts. That part of this study, which was related to cultural issues and cash penalties, was conducted through interviews with farmers. The statistical analysis, the preparation of hydrographs and figures were processed using Minitab, Excel, and SPSS software.3-Results and DiscussionSafiabad plain is one of the northeastern plains of Iran, where the usage of groundwater is common there. The hydrograph consideration of this plain indicated that the its groundwater level has been decreased by about 6.9 m since 1989. In the study of changes regarding the groundwater levels, the first hypothesis which comes to the mind, is the effects of precipitation on these changes. Based on meteorological statistics, regression coefficient and histogram precipitation of this plain follows the normal distribution. Therefore, in recent years, the main cause of water table decline in this plain is the over-extraction of groundwater. The reduction of groundwater levels has led the Regional Water Authority administrations and farmers do some policies. Making concrete channels and water pipelines was the first step in this issue which causes saving 6 percent of the usage of groundwater in this plain.Also, according to the statistics, 42% of the farm lands of Safiabad plain are irrigated by modern systems, which would save 8.8% water consumption in this plain per year. The change of cultivation type was another policy that was applied since 2006. In 2017, pistachio gardens were replaced with the cultivation of grains and saffron replaced sugar beet; through these changes, about 40% were saved in the water resources of this plain. The imposition of cash penalties was another Regional Water Authority policy that saved 5% of the groundwater in the plain. Cultural issues are also other important cases that if implemented appropriately, can have a sustainable impact on the exploitation of water resources. However, no considerable action has been taken so far in this regard. The use of smart meters is one of the newest methods of groundwater control that was firstly used in 2003 in Safiabad plain. Although the effect of using this method was not significant until 2011, however, since this year, for the first time, the hydrograph of the plain showed the positive reflections to the use of this controlling method and groundwater level was matched with the data fitting line and sometimes reached to the levels higher than it.4- ConclusionSafiabad plain is one of the northern Khorasan plains, which is faced with a sharp decrease in the groundwater aquifers. Farmers and government agencies sought to control the level of water consumption in the plain by creating concrete channels and pipes for transferring water through the channels, using new methods of irrigation, changing in cultivation, cash fines, cultural actions and the installation of smart meters. The results indicated that by transferring water through the use of pipes and concrete channels, new irrigation methods, changing the cultivation type, cash penalties, cultural issues, using smart meters, respectively, 6%, 8.4%, 40%, 5%, 2% and 45% of water consumption was saved and overall, 105.4% of the water consumption has been saved in this plain. However, the hydrograph consideration of this plain showed that the groundwater level is still decreasing. More detailed studies indicated that some causes of this decrease were due to the high thickness of the unsaturated soil, causing a large amount of water not to reach into the saturation zone; however, the main reason for this issue is the increase of cultivation area in this plain. In other words, farmers in this plain have been saving water by taking some activities, but having increased the area under cultivation, the amount of groundwater consumption has continued as much as the past. Furthermore, the results of the research showed that among human actions, only the installation of smart meters has had a significant effect on the hydrograph of this plain, so that since 2011, for the first time, the level of groundwater has passed the fitting line.
Volume 2, Issue 2 , January 2015, , Pages 25-40
Abstract
Because of providing proper living conditions, high soil fertility and accessibility to water resources fluvial environments have always been considered as desirable areas for human beings. Such areas, especially the stream environments have also been dynamic areas in terms of erosion processes. A study ...
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Because of providing proper living conditions, high soil fertility and accessibility to water resources fluvial environments have always been considered as desirable areas for human beings. Such areas, especially the stream environments have also been dynamic areas in terms of erosion processes. A study of bank erosions, sedimentation and changes occurring in the current river beds, streams patterns and the like can be an important contribution to the field of nature management. This study has tried to use satellite imagery (Landsat), topographic and geological data, to investigate and assess the morphological changes which have occurred at two parts of the Zarine River (Jigatoo River). ArcGIS and ENVI software were the most important tools which were used to prepare and extract data in this study. According to the results, the second part of the area under study, which is located in a plain area, has been severely affected by the faults, and the direction of the river flow was forced to change path at several points following a fault path. The river pattern at this area is direct and in some cases the sinusoidal in sectors has been affected by the fault, while the general pattern is meander in other parts of the river. In the three time periods considered for the study both intervals number 1 and 2 of the riverbed area show reduction. This is to say that the area of the riverbed has reached 5.6 sq. km to 5.43 sq. km in the part of 1 and 6/19 km to 4.87 in the part 2. The river bank erosion rate between 1975 -1989 and 1989 - 2010 is respectively approximately 4.2 sq. km and 2.44 sq. km in part 1. This value for the second interval is respectively 2 and 1.49 sq. km. As a result of this destruction the large parts of the riverbed has dried due to redirection and relocation or has turned into meander lakes on the margins being respectively 3.44 and 2.48 sq. km in part 1and 3.29 and 1.52 is km in part 2 for the years 1975 to 1989 and 1989 to 2010.
Mahmood Khosravi; Taghi Tavousi; Kohzad Raeespour; Mahboobeh Omidi Ghaleh mohammadi
Volume 4, Issue 12 , December 2017, , Pages 25-44
Abstract
Extent Abstract Introduction In some parts of Iran, especially in its highlands, the predominant precipitation is snow. The large part of the snow cover is located in the mountainous and impassable areas. Consequently, it is almost impossible to study and investigate the snow point using traditional ...
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Extent Abstract Introduction In some parts of Iran, especially in its highlands, the predominant precipitation is snow. The large part of the snow cover is located in the mountainous and impassable areas. Consequently, it is almost impossible to study and investigate the snow point using traditional methods and snowflake stations. Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari province is one of the snowiest areas of Iran, and snowfall has a great role in the status of the water resources supplying the water of its central and southern regions, especially the Karun and Zayandeh Rood Rivers. Methodology Regarding the role and importance of Mount Zardkouh heights and its rivers in the region, the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the snow cover levels in Mount Zardukh altitudes. Therefore, remote sensing data, due to its provision of better results, is used with the aim of obtaining detailed information on snow cover. Today, remote sensing technology and revolutionary satellite imagery are created in the field of snow cover study so that wide-area snow measurements are dramatically more accurate over time. The occurrence of the recent droughts, the severe decrease of water resources, and the role and importance of snowfall in the supply of groundwater resources in mountainous areas needs to maximize the use of available resources by making the necessary arrangements. Discussion The process of these changes was measured using landsat satellite data, TM and ETM + sensors. In addition, the ndsi index was used to analyze the changes in the snow cover level of April (Farvardin) and September (Shahrivar), which were the peak months of the snow cover. The peak time of the snow cover melting in the region, Zardkouh Bakhtiari heights, during 1991, 2003, and 2011 (time spans of approximately 10 years) was also investigated to study the changes in the snow cover levels. Pre-processing steps including examining changes in the snow cover levels using the normalized differential snow index (NDSI) and corrections (radiometric, geometric, etc.), processing, classification, and after classification on the selected images using the ENVI software were taken. The NDSI index was applied based on the maximum snow cover per pixel of images (April & September). Conclusion Finally, the values, or maps, derived from the above indicators were classified into two classes of snow cover and snowless surfaces. After this classification, the areas of both classes were summed up for the investigation of the changes in snow cover and snowless cover during the studied years. The results showed that while the amount of the snow cover level in April 1991 was 1758.07 km2, it became 1128.43 km2 in April 2003. In other words, there was a decrease of 529.64 km2 between the years 1991 and 2003. In addition, it was 979.83 km2 in April 2011 and there was a decrease of 778.24 km2, compared to 1991. Moreover, while it was 802.86 km2 in September 1991, it became 615.83 km2 in September 2003. In other words, there was a decrease of 187.06 km2 between September 1991 and September 2003. In addition, it was 601.83 km2 in September 2011 and there was a decrease of 201.03, compared to September 1991.
Aghil Madadi; Zohreh Bashokoh; Ehsan Ghale
Abstract
1-IntroductionOne of the most important wealth of a nation is the water that is flowing in the rivers of that country, and because of its impact on the settlement, site selection and development of villages, cities, communication networks and agriculture, it is of great importance since the past. Because ...
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1-IntroductionOne of the most important wealth of a nation is the water that is flowing in the rivers of that country, and because of its impact on the settlement, site selection and development of villages, cities, communication networks and agriculture, it is of great importance since the past. Because of this, human attention has been given to river systems as one of the most vital constituents of the earth's surface in a variety of respects. River morphology is a multifaceted branch of earth science that may be considered as a specific geomorphological subject. One of the most important purposes of investigating river morphology is the geometric description of river bed parameters and interpretation of its main causes with the help of the theoretical knowledge base of water flow, solids and sediment transport. Changes in river morphology can cause many problems, including river diversion, flooding of surrounding areas, damage to hydraulic structures, as well as some environmental impacts. Short-term river variability may be gradual and continuous, but the long-term variability or under certain conditions, it is inconsistent and abrupt. One of the factors that can severely impair the stability of rivers is the construction of dams. Flow changes by the dam can affect the amount, timing, and duration of upstream and downstream currents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological changes (patterns and dynamics) of the Gharasu River (from Samian Bridge to Sabalan Dam) over a period of 19-years (2000–2019). 2-MethodologyThe study area of the Gharasu River is approximately 51 km 2 in geographical coordinates of 48 ° 2 min to 48 ° 18 min east longitude and 38 ° 22 min to 38 ° 30 min north latitude in the political-administrative boundary of the city of Ardabil. The highlands of the region are mainly composed of Eocene volcanic rocks. There are also two Quaternary units of Qsc and Qst related to Sabalan volcanic activity. The study area is located in the geological division of Iran in the Alborz-Azerbaijan zone. In most of Iran's construction divisions, the Azerbaijan region has been considered the continuation of central Iran. Topographic maps, geological maps, Landsat, Sentinel and Google Earth satellite imagery, digital elevation model (DEM) images, and climatic and hydrometric data were used in the study. In order to quantify the meandering development of alluvial rivers and determine the behavioral pattern and its changes over time, the geometrical characteristics of rivers such as central angle, meander radius, wavelength, valley length and bending coefficient ( Sinusitis), were measured and analyzed to determine changes in the course of the river channel from the past up to the present. 3-Results and DiscussionThe mean radius of meanders for the entire Gharasu River channel during the study periods of 2000, 2010, and 2019 were 11.02, 100.90, and 99.40 meters; respectively, indicating a decreasing trend. The average length of arches during these years was 254.29, 250.24 and 251.74 meters; respectively. For this reason, over the years under the study, the mean central angle has an increasing trend from 138/50 in 2000 to 153/15 in 2010 and 157/41 in 2019. The mean curvature coefficients for the entire study period from the Gharasu River for the periods 2000, 2010 and 2019 were 1.58, 1.61 and 1.63;respectively. The values of this index during the years 2000, 2010 and 2019 were about 2.40, 2.52 and 2.58; respectively, which is of a severe meander type. The average rate of migration (Rm) of the study period from the Gharasu River during the years 2000 to 2010 was about 0.5 m / year. The value of this indicator for the period 2010 to 2019 has decreased to about 0.3 meters per year. According to calculations, the index has grown to about 0.4 m / year over the past 19 years (from 2000 to 2019). Another method called transect method was used to evaluate lateral variations of the study through the Gharasu River channel. According to calculations using the transect method over the past 19 years, a total of approximately 22.45 hectares of the Gharasu River margin lands have been lost due to erosion processes during the study period. This amount was about 13.75 ha during the period 2000 to 2010 and about 10.22 ha during the period 2010 to 2019.4-ConclusionIn this study, the morphology and lateral variations of the ditch of Gharasu River in Ardabil province were evaluated. Based on geomorphological conditions, slope and width of the flood plain as well as other factors (such as river discharge variations), the river was divided into three sub-intervals and 30 transects in the study area. In addition to the visual interpretation, in order to evaluate and analyse the morphology of the Gharasu River, quantitative indicators were required. The present study used four indices of curvature, central angle of the cornice, channel migration rate and transect method to detect and identify the river pattern as well as lateral channel changes. These indices were calculated over the time periods of 2000- 2010, and 2010-2019 for the study river channel. The results showed that the Gharasu River has had a developed meander pattern in most of the studies. The results of the two channel migration rate indices and the transect method also confirmed that, overall, the transverse changes of the Gharasu River channel have been low. Also, these two indices, similar to the Cornis curve coefficient and the central angle, showed that transverse dynamics have declined sharply in the last decade.
Ezatolla Ghanavati; Amir Saffari; Amir Karam; Esmail Najafi; Gholamhossein Jahandar
Volume 3, Issue 6 , January 2017, , Pages 33-54
Abstract
Ezatolla Ghanavati [1]* Amir Saffari [2] Amir Karam [3] Esmail Najafi [4] Gholamhossein Jahandar [5] Abstract Hydrogeomorphology is one of the branches of physical geography that studies the forms of roughnesses caused by the action of water in the environment. Investigationand understanding the ...
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Ezatolla Ghanavati [1]* Amir Saffari [2] Amir Karam [3] Esmail Najafi [4] Gholamhossein Jahandar [5] Abstract Hydrogeomorphology is one of the branches of physical geography that studies the forms of roughnesses caused by the action of water in the environment. Investigationand understanding the causes and characteristics of hydrogeomorphology and how to manage watershed areas within order to reduce the damage caused by flood events has more importance. This study aimed to investigate of hydrogeomorphologic characteristics of Tehran metropolis watersheds with emphasis on the flood prone zones through the assessment and review of watershed physiographic characteristics which dominate the metropolis of Tehran. Preparation and geomorphological mapping and map of the hydrological response units, flow charts drawn up for Hafthowz stations (Darake), Sooleghan (Kan), Poletajrish (Darband) and Qlak (Darabad) were done next. Extended aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the watershed of Tehran metropolis with an emphasis on flood through the assessment of watershed physiographic characteristics that dominate the area. Research approach was analytical- descriptive, using library studies, 1: 50,000 topographic maps and 1: 100000geological maps, 30 meter DEM of area, air photos of the year 1955 and satellite images of Google Earth and the utilization of ArcGIS, FreeHand, WMS and Excel were done. The results show that, due to the impact of watershed physiographic features including, watershed shape, area and low of drainages length, height and steep north-south difference that dominate the metropolis of Tehran, a small distance exists between the apex of watersheds and the receiving watersheds output and short duration of time of concentration and human interventions, and the urban runoff from rainfall in the study area. HRUS map of studied catchments represents the great diversity of hydrological response units most of the watersheds, especially the Kan watershed. The maximum instantaneous flow rate data charts, showed that Hafthowz and Qlak stations have a high variability due to the flood history in Tehran metropolis, due to their situation and hydrogeomorphologic properties of its upstream watershed which is heavily affected by flood events and that will be ordinary in Tehran region. Keywords: Hydrogeomorphologic characteristics, Tehran metropolis, Watersheds, Flood prone. [1]- Associate Professor, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Emaiol:ezghanavati@yahoo.com. [2]- Associate Professor, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. [3]- Associate Professor, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. [4]- Ph.D. Candidate of Geomorphology, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran,Iran. [5]- Master of Urban Planning.
Akbar Hashemi Fard; parviz kardavani; Farideh Asadian
Volume 5, Issue 15 , October 2018, , Pages 37-53
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Satellite imagery is considered as one of the most important tools of land resource management, due to the wide vision that emerges from one area and its regular repeated coverage. Using remote sensing technology, in particular radar interferometry (InSAR), it is possible to study ...
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Abstract
Introduction
Satellite imagery is considered as one of the most important tools of land resource management, due to the wide vision that emerges from one area and its regular repeated coverage. Using remote sensing technology, in particular radar interferometry (InSAR), it is possible to study the movements and changes caused by phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, glaciers, landslides, salt diopters, and other irregular phenomena. In this research, differential radar interferometry was used to illustrate the displacement of the Earth's surface within the Gotvand Dam area and to investigate the short-term and long-term changes in the incident. There have been several studies conducted to investigate the effects of water reservoirs of lakes and dams, as well as the processing of satellite images of landslides and subsidence. For example, Haghighat-Mehr et al. (2010), using Radar interferometry technique to determine the subsidence rate and Landsat slides of the Hashtgerd plain, used 4 images of the ENVISAT radar during the 4-month period (July 11, 2008 to October 24, 2008), and estimated that the maximum rate of downslope in the plain was 35 mm per month. In addition, Jennat et al. (2009) used the radar interferometry method to determine the surface deformation in the Golpayegan Plain. In the current research, differential radar interferometry was used to illustrate the displacement of the Earth's surface within the Gotvand Dam area and to investigate the short-term and long-term changes in the incident.
Methodology
The term interferometry is derived from the combination of two words including interference and measurement meaning that two waves interact on the surface of the earth. Radar interferometry technique is the combination of two electromagnetic waves on the surface of the earth and the synthetic valve radar technique (Dehghan, 1391). This technique is based on the difference in the ground-back signal phases in two SAR images taken with a time delay or with parallax from an area to extract altitude or information on land surface changes. In order to do this research, 4 images of the SLC Band C, the ASAR satellite ENVISAT for the period of 2007 to 2011, were taken as a research project from the European Space Center with an area of 100 × 100 km2. Through processing of the images with a time interval of one year and more than one year, 4 independent interferograms were obtained. The SRTM DEM region with a resolution of 90 m was used to remove the topographic effects of interferograms. Interfragm processing was performed using Sarscape software. The DOR-VOR file containing the DORIS satellite image capturing information from the European Space Agency was used to correct image distortion caused by the gravitational force of the moon on images. In the first phase of the analysis chain, the data was designed with the aim of constructing the interferometer. Due to the different resolution of this sensor along the radial mile radius (7/80 m) and azimuth (4/5 m), the power dissipation information in line with the range can be converted to the resolution of the earth according to equation (7). A differential interferometer derived from the removal of the topographic effects in the previous stage contains noises that result from the time difference or the time interval received by two radar images. It can also be due to the difference in the basis of the spatial base as well as the resulting spots that have no signal and may result in lower interference imaging; therefore, it is necessary to remove the effects of noise from interference by implementing adaptive filters. Subsequently, the final results of this phase, with the help of Digital Ground Modeling (DTM), were transmitted to Arc GIS for thematic maps. Finally, the results of the landslide detection at the region level, by using field survey and its adaptation to existing information, was controlled and evaluated in the Google Earth environment.
Result, Discussion and Conclusion
The results of this study indicated that the maximum displacement rate in the region reaches about 3.5 cm per year (from 2007 to 2011). To obtain the final landslide map in the area, after processing the pair of radar images, the existing displacements were identified and in the software environment, these changes were derived from each interferometer, combined, and their common areas were deleted. Also, landslides that occur parallel to the flight of the satellite cannot be removed because the landslides in the direction of vision (LOS) of the PALSAR sensor can be picked up. Based on the results of the radar interferometry, the maximum subsidence level in the study area is estimated to be about 3.5 cm per year. In addition, the maximum subsidence rate in Gachsaran and Anabal salt mine is 3.5 cm.
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud; Rasoul Hassanzadeh; Zahra Miri Atashgah
Volume 6, Issue 19 , September 2019, , Pages 37-56
Abstract
Introduction Land-use studies, using remote sensing techniques, are vital tools for generating rational information for proper decision-making in natural resource management. (Habtamu Teka et al., 2017). Land-use change has the potential to affect land cover and vice versa. ...
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Introduction Land-use studies, using remote sensing techniques, are vital tools for generating rational information for proper decision-making in natural resource management. (Habtamu Teka et al., 2017). Land-use change has the potential to affect land cover and vice versa. Land use change affects the biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems, and change in the watershed affects water quality, resulting in an increased runoff consumption, reduced land use, and evacuated groundwater. Therefore, land-use change information for water selection, planning, monitoring, and management is important in order to meet the change in land use due to the demand for human and welfare requirements without compromising the quality and quantity of water (Ang Kane Hawa, 2017). Methodology Case Study The Aliabad watershed of Horand with the southwest-northeast trend is located at the geographical coordinates of the southeastern part of the eastern part of the eastern province of East Azarbaijan and the southeastern part of Horand. Including the Horand, Majidabad and Yali Yurt mountains, the Eight Shrines, the Cay Thai Castle and Mount Everest, it covers an area of 165278 km2. The Ali Abad River is the main river of this basin, which performs the drainage system of the area and the Dojak and Horand Rivers are the most important branches that join this river. Data and research method The data which was used in this study included Landsat images, which included TM and OLI sensors with track 168 and row 33, with a resolution of 30m between 1992 and 2017. To obtain the amount of water created by new gardens, a pure water irrigation project for Iranian crops, which has become a software called NETWAT was used. Landsat images in the pre-processing stage were used for the atmospheric and radiometric FLAASH corrections. The strongest method of atmospheric correction, and rescale operations were performed on corrected images to ensure accurate numerical calculations. Meanwhile, in the 2017 image, to increase the accuracy of the classification, the method of fusion of multinuclear images with a pancreatic image was made and the spatial resolution up to 15m improved. The processing of images to detect and determine the type of land use in two time intervals was done through supervised classification methods. Of four types of classification, the Maximom likelhood method was chosen due to a better processing and the absence of unknown pixels. Finally, the layer Land use in twelve classes was selected by selecting the number of educational specimens including the first class forests (4181 pixels), second class forests (3958 pixels), garden lands (2665 pixels), first class rangeland (32704 pixels), rangeland grade (30837 pixels), agriculture (7544 pixels), residential land (1911 pixels), shore lands (3257 pixels), blueberries (167 pixels), Bayer lands (2332 pixels), blue areas (131 pixels) and river beds (800 pixels). In addition to the necessity of using large-scale images, field observations and the use of lateral information were necessary to identify some activities at different levels of the earth (Zebiri, 92). Therefore, field observations were also needed to enhance the accuracy of the user classification. To analyze the data, ArcGIS, ENVI were used. After the processing and evaluating the accuracy of the images and examining the results of the classification, there were several ways for assessing the accuracy of the classification. The most common way was the selection of a number of pixels of the specified sample and comparing them with the classification that made these data. The ground truths were called reference data (Alawi Panah, 91: 159-152). The net irrigation project of Iran's products was from the National Project Plan (TOTEK). An optimization of the national consumption of Iranian agricultural water was carried out by the Meteorological Organization of the country and the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture in collaboration with Dr. Amin Alizadeh and his research team. In order to estimate the water consumption of the basin in gardening affairs, based on the method of work, this functionality was constructed using the FAO-Penman-Monteith function and based on this function, the annual consumption of trees was calculated. Finally, the consumption of each tree was estimated as the average annual consumption. Results The verification of the accuracy and results of the classification of images by the Kappa coefficient were performed and the obtained coefficient with the acceptable status showed that the classification of the images was done satisfactorily and the images could be cited for the continuation of the research. In land use maps of the AliAbad River watershed, in each of the periods of 1992 and 2017, the lands were divided into 12 classes. Based on the comparison made between the two maps, land use changes in each of the 12 classes were presented. Based on the results of two time intervals in the Aliabad Chay catchment area, it was determined that the area of the cultivated lands increased by about 5.51 km2 (Table 1). In the field studies, it was concluded that the irrigation Garden lands were built on the basis of ribs by the city's people on the upstream gardens until 1992. The Pearson parametric test showed that there was a significantly positive and strong correlation between the increase in the area of the gardens and the increase in the depth of the wells (0.935). It should be noted that by increasing the area of gardens in the land use, the depth of the wells was increased for the extraction of water from the basin. However, the correlation between rainfall changes and depth of wells (Basin flood) was negative (-0.580). The basis of the net irrigation plan for irrigated crops in Iran, and using the produced function, the annual water demand of these products was calculated in terms of planting area (Table 1 and Table 2). (Table 1) Calculation of the water requirement of cultivated trees in the first six months with the NETWAT software Tree type April May June spring season July August September summer season Apple 8 44 91 143 151 138 103 392 Walnut 10 55 109 184 172 160 119 451 Apricot 13 52 86 151 122 117 53 292 Cherry 8 44 91 143 151 134 89 374 Average 39 115 377 621 596 549 364 1509 (Table 2) Calculation of the annual water requirement of cultivated trees with a built-in function Tree type Annual water requirement (cubic meter per sq. Km) Apple 760000 Walnut 886900 Apricot 490000 Cherry 698000 Average consumption of trees 708725 Total consumption in newly built gardens is 5.15 square kilometers 3,649,934 Discussion and conclusion The study area of this research is one of the important agricultural areas of East Azarbaijan Province, and the Ali Abad Chai River is considered as the only source of water supply in the region. The classification of land use in the region, especially the increase of basin gardens, which is the most important water user in the river, was done by Maximim Likelhood method. The Pearson's parametric test was used in the SPSS software to prove that the basin's decline was caused by variation in the gardens, and the 25 year rainfall variations in the basin and the changes in the gardens were investigated with regard to the depth of the wells. There is was significant relationship between rainfall variations in the basin and the decline of the basin, but there was a significant difference between the changes in the use of gardens and the decline of the basin, and there was a very strong and positive correlation between these two variables. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that in the Aliabad watershed, if the irrigation process of the gardens is not scientific and practical and the management of water storage is not done, the flow of the river in general is disturbed in these seasons. In the warm seasons, permanent changes in geomorphologic and ecological activities will be lost and the negative effects will be felt by the inhabitants of the region.
Ali Dastranj; Omid Asadin Nelivan; Sanaz Falah; Aboutaleb Salehnasab; Shirkou Jafari
Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2017, , Pages 39-55
Abstract
Ali Dastranj[1]* Omid Asadi Nelivan[2] Sanaz Falah[3] Aboutaleb Salehnasab[4] Shirkou Jafari[5] Abstract Estimation of sedimentation and erosion without sediment statistics serves as one of the main issues of basins and requires the application of empirical approaches to utilize data for managing plans. ...
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Ali Dastranj[1]* Omid Asadi Nelivan[2] Sanaz Falah[3] Aboutaleb Salehnasab[4] Shirkou Jafari[5] Abstract Estimation of sedimentation and erosion without sediment statistics serves as one of the main issues of basins and requires the application of empirical approaches to utilize data for managing plans. EPM model is one of the empirical methods widely used in the study of watersheds all over country. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of geological formations on annual erosion and sedimentation using EPM model and GIS and the investigation of its efficiency in erosion and sediment studies. Rock formation erosion and entering of huge sediments to Taleghan reservoir clarify importance of investigation on how sediments are produced and transported. In respect to the above results, it is worthy to note that Zidasht basin is moderate in terms of erosions and sedimentation and its erosion coefficient is 0.69. In addition, classification of erosion intensity showed that this basin has two intense and moderate classes implying that considering sediment and erosion is essential in soil and water conservation projects. The highest and lowest erosion intensity coefficients are observed in Dint2 and D1 respectively mainly due to presence of formations Ngm, Q1g, and orchards in sub-basin Dint2 and resistant formations of Ekta and Ekv and suitable rangeland land use in D1. [1]- Ph.D Student; Watershed Management; University of Hormozgan (Corresponding author), Email:dastraj66@gmail.com. [2]- Ph.D Student; Watershed Management; University of Agriculture sciences and Natural Resource Gorgan. [3]- MSc Student of desertification, Department of Rangeland & Watershed Management Saravan University. [4]- PhD Student Forest Mnaagment, University of Tehran. [5]- Ph.D Student University of Tehran.
