پژوهشی
Davood Mokhtari; Somayyeh Moazzez; Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh Golani
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 1-19
Abstract
Water supply has been one of the most important issues in human life since the ancient times. Surface and underground water resources are valuable resources that supply fresh water to human use. Regarding the increase in human population, agricultural and industrial development, and overusing water, ...
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Water supply has been one of the most important issues in human life since the ancient times. Surface and underground water resources are valuable resources that supply fresh water to human use. Regarding the increase in human population, agricultural and industrial development, and overusing water, the study of any area's water potentials is essential for its protection and efficient water use. In this study, the prioritization of hydro-geomorphological factors in water supply and allocating appropriate settlements were investigated. In addition, the TM image of Landsat Satellite, 2011, were used. The selected Hydro-geomorphological factors included slope, slope direction, lithology, land use, and the like, which were prepared in the GIS environment. Then, through the analysis of a hierarchical process, weighting of the layer was performed. The accuracy of the measurement in this study was verified using the comparison of the obtained results with all layer information as the standard. It was revealed that the places which were marked as very suitable and suitable had the best conditions. It could be concluded that the process of AHP has a better function in determining hydro-geomorphological factors in water supply and identifying the allocation of settlements. In addition, the interpretation of the results revealed that the distance from the river, rain fall and elevation the most significant factors.
پژوهشی
Ata Allah Nadiri; Saeed Yousefzadeh
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 21-40
Abstract
An accurate estimation of the hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, which is essential for careful management and protection of groundwater resources, is an important part of hydrogeological studies. Various field and laboratory methods, generally done using hydrogeological data, ...
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An accurate estimation of the hydrogeological parameters such as hydraulic conductivity, which is essential for careful management and protection of groundwater resources, is an important part of hydrogeological studies. Various field and laboratory methods, generally done using hydrogeological data, have already been proposed for estimating hydraulic conductivity. One of the best and the most complete methods is the field pumping test which is very time-consuming and expensive. In addition, hydrogeological parameters estimated by it have an inherent uncertainty. In this study, we tried to use artificial intelligence methods, widely considered in recent years, such as artificial neural network (ANN), mamdani fuzzy logic(MFL), sugeno fuzzy logic(SFL), and adoptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity. In this study, for the accurate estimation of the hydraulic conductivity in Maraghe-Bonab plain by these models, geophysical and hydrogeological data were used as models' inputs. Their results were compared with the evaluation criteria, and the best model based on the RMSE was selected. Accordingly, the ANFIS model, compared to other models, with an RMSE of 1.12 in the test phase has high power in the estimation of the hydraulic conductivity. Radius of clustering, number of fuzzy rules, and number of clusters are very important in fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy models. Radius of clustering in the ANFIS model, based on the minimum RMSE amount, was equal to 0.4 and the numbers of clusters, based on if-then fuzzy rules, was 9. The methods presented in this study, which demonstrated superior performance in estimating hydraulic conductivity of Maragheh-Bonab plain, can be used in estimating hydraulic conductivity of other plains with similar hydrogeological conditions.
پژوهشی
Tahereh Mohamadi; Mohammad Taghi Dastorani
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 41-64
Abstract
Healthy watersheds provide many ecosystem based services in different fields such as social and economic welfares. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop ways to determine the degree of health and sustainability of watersheds. One of the indices which is used to assess sustainability is the ...
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Healthy watersheds provide many ecosystem based services in different fields such as social and economic welfares. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop ways to determine the degree of health and sustainability of watersheds. One of the indices which is used to assess sustainability is the Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI). This index is based on the combination of four sub-indices of hydrology, environment, life, and policy making. This index evaluates the watershed at low, medium, and high levels. Zidasht watershed was chosen to study due to its ten years of major changes between the years 1380 and 1390. The sustainability of the Zidasht watershed during this period, 1380-1381, was 0.65, indicating that the watershed is located in the middle to lower level sustainability. It was also discovered that to achieve a sustainable development in Zidasht watershed some steps should be taken. First, the quality of the river water, or its hydrology, should be considered. Comprehensive studies and plans in the management and conservation of water in the area should also be developed. Following these, the inhabitants of the watershed, the environment, the quantity of the water should be considered. Finally, the policy making should be taken into account. Thus, this assessment will help managers and decision makers in future planning and land planning.
پژوهشی
Majid Ramezani Sarbandi; Reza Ghazavi; Siamak Dokhani; Seyyed Mostafa Mortazavi
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 65-80
Abstract
Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in the world. Currently, the considerable part of Iran's water consumption, minly its drinking water, is provided from underground water sources. The emission of the surface contaminants to groundwater resources, especially in the arid and semi-arid ...
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Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in the world. Currently, the considerable part of Iran's water consumption, minly its drinking water, is provided from underground water sources. The emission of the surface contaminants to groundwater resources, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions with a limited water resources is a serious problem. In this research, the DRASTIC and GODS methods were used to study Rafsanjan plain's potential vulnerability to pollution. To this end, seven layers including groundwater depth, net recharge, aquifer media, soil, topography, and unsaturated zone hydraulic conductivity were produced for the DRASTIC method. In addition, to create potential vulnerability maps using GIS for the GODS method, four layers including type of groundwater, unsaturated zone, water table depth, and soil environment were combined. The degree of the changes of the electrical conductivity of the plains was used for the validation of the models. According to the results, the DRASTIC index is between 61.33 and 183.75 for the region, categorizing Rafsanjan plain to five classes of vulnerabilities including very low 0/54%, low 32/93%, medium 55/40%, high10/54%, and very high 0/59%. The GODS model, in contrast, classifies the region to three classes of vulnerability including low 32/27%, medium 67/04%, and high 0/69%. In both models, the most part of the study area was classified into medium level of vulnerability which were respectively 55.40 and 67.04 in the DRASTIC and the GODS models.
پژوهشی
Mahtab Safari Shad; Mahmoud Habibnejad Roshan; Karim Solaimani; Alireza Ildoromi; Hossein Zeinivand
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 81-98
Abstract
Climate change has altered the earth’s hydrologic cycles, especially its temporal and spatial distributions. Therefore, prediction of its future changes is very important. This study investigated the effects of climate change onthe precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and runoff ...
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Climate change has altered the earth’s hydrologic cycles, especially its temporal and spatial distributions. Therefore, prediction of its future changes is very important. This study investigated the effects of climate change onthe precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and runoff in three sub watersheds in Hamadan, Bahar Watershed. To this end, the WETSPASS model was used to estimate runoff and the LARS-WG model was used to predict climate variables between the years of 2014 and 2043. The results showed that the HadCM3 model with the largest weighting coefficient and the lowest error has the highest efficiency in simulation of precipitation and temperature. According to the scaled down measurements, in the next period, the average minimum and maximum temperatures will respectively increase up to 1.22 ºc and 0.9 ºc and the total rainfall will decrease about 8%. The results of the impact of the climate change on the future of the watershed's hydrology showed that runoff volume for all three sub-watersheds under the A2 scenario and the first and second sub-watersheds under the B1 scenario is going to decrease. For the third sub-watersheds, in contrast, it is going to increase. In addition, while total runoff input to plain will decrease by 36 % under A2 scenario, it will increase by 8 % under B1 scenario which will affect the watershed's water resource system changes. The remarkable thing is the reduction in rainfall in the winter and in the spring, disassembling the temporal distribution of the rainfall, and increasing the temperature. Accompanied by land use changes, it can have a significant negative effect on the future water resources management.
پژوهشی
Ahmad Noheghar; Mohamad Kazemi; Seyyed Javad Ahamdi; Hamid Gholami; Rasool Mahdavi
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 99-119
Abstract
Soil management is necessary in order to optimize utilization and decrease degradation. The present study aimed to measure the relative importance of the erosion rates and sediment yields of homogeneous units in land-uses and geological formations. Accordingly, Fargas, BLM models, and direct field measurements ...
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Soil management is necessary in order to optimize utilization and decrease degradation. The present study aimed to measure the relative importance of the erosion rates and sediment yields of homogeneous units in land-uses and geological formations. Accordingly, Fargas, BLM models, and direct field measurements of soil erosion were used. Then, the degree of homogeneous units' erosion on the map of land use and geology formation were extracted. In addition, the amount of the sediment caused by surface erosion, rill, and gully was measured. The total mean of sediments per land use and the geology information were measured. The areas including the participation of each of the produced sediments were also found. The results revealed that the highest amount of the sediment deposits in basin were for the range lands called B S33R42G21, C S34R43G32, and D S34R43G32 with the mean of 38.73(ton/ha) and for the Razak Information called C S43R42G21 and D s44R43G32 with the mean of 17.83(ton/ha). The highest amount of sediment deposits were also for the rangelands and Asmari formation, respectively, with the means of 64.9% and 55.43%. Bakhtyari formation and cultivation, in contrast, had the lowest relative importance in sediment yield of the Tange Bostanak watershed.
پژوهشی
Maryam Asadi; Ali Fathzadeh; Roohollah Taghizadeh Mehrjerdi
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 121-143
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is an inquiry into the functions of daily, monthly, and annual scales of sediment data in their estimations using machine learning models. For this purpose, suspended sediment load data for three temporal, daily, monthly, and annual, scales at Ohio station, located in the ...
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The main purpose of this study is an inquiry into the functions of daily, monthly, and annual scales of sediment data in their estimations using machine learning models. For this purpose, suspended sediment load data for three temporal, daily, monthly, and annual, scales at Ohio station, located in the USA, between the years of 1992 and 2014 were selected. In order to choose the best model, some machine learning base models such as artificial neural networks, error back propagation as well as radial basis function, k-nearest neighbor, M5 decision tree, Gaussian process, support vector machine (SVR), evolutionary support vector machine (ESVM), and linear regression (LR) models were run and evaluated. The results of this study showed that the k-nearest neighbor with RMSE=5.28, the data Gaussian process model with RMSE=8.7, and the Gaussian process model with a RMSE=7.2 were respectively the best models for the daily, monthly, and annual data. The comparison of the models' assessment also suggested that the predicted annual data were more accurate than the monthly and daily data.
پژوهشی
Mohammadmehdi Hosseinzadeh; Somayyeh Khaleghi; Faraz Vahedifar
Volume 4, Issue 10 , June 2017, Pages 145-164
Abstract
The bank erosion is the dominate phenomena in the Qaranqoo Chai River, upstream of Sahand dam, at this time of the year leading to changes in river, increasing the radius of curvature at the bends, and straight channel widening. Consequently, it damages the land and the river's facilities and causes ...
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The bank erosion is the dominate phenomena in the Qaranqoo Chai River, upstream of Sahand dam, at this time of the year leading to changes in river, increasing the radius of curvature at the bends, and straight channel widening. Consequently, it damages the land and the river's facilities and causes numerous changes in the pattern of the river, sediment production, and sediment transfer to Sahand dam. In this research, a Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) was used to evaluate annual bank erosion in the Qaranqoo Chai River. To this end, 9 cross-sections were selected and some parameters such as bank full width, average bank full height, root depth, root density, bank angle, surface protection, bank material, and bank stratification were measured. The results of the BEHI method showed that both of the right and the left banks were eroded and that the erosion risk was moderate to very high in all of the right bank's cross sections except its cross-section 4 which had a very low erosion risk. In addition, the erosion risk of the left bank's cross sections were very low to extreme. Indeed, due to the low root density and loose material, the right bank's cross-sections had higher erosion risk than those of the left bank. Moreover, the erosion risk was reduced in the middle of the river because its root depth was higher than the banks' root depth. Indeed, BEHI incorporates bank variables that are factors in entrainment, surface erosion and mass erosion. These variables are bank–height ratio, root–depth ratio, weighted root density, bank angle and surface protection. Variables have empirical values that are, in turn, converted to index values and summed for a total BEHI score. Scores are adjusted by bank material and bank material stratification. BEHI scores are then categorized by erosion potentials. A greater score indicates greater erodibility. Bank height is the distance from bank toe to the top of the bank.
