پژوهشی
Azra Khosravi; Adel Sepehr; Zahra Abdollahzadeh
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 1-20
Abstract
Fractal dimension is a parameter used to indicate the complexity of data. The analysis of fractal dimension of river networks and their basins facilitate the perdition of their behavior in the future. This paper focuses on the relationship between fractal dimensions of basins and the morphometric characteristics ...
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Fractal dimension is a parameter used to indicate the complexity of data. The analysis of fractal dimension of river networks and their basins facilitate the perdition of their behavior in the future. This paper focuses on the relationship between fractal dimensions of basins and the morphometric characteristics of drainage networks. Therefore, through an analysis of fractal dimension of basins and its comparison with morphometric characteristics, the fractal behavior of these basins are investigated. At the first, six rivers including Torough, Golestan, Esjil, Golmakan, Frizi and Akhlamad located in the northern slopes of Binaloud were selected. The boundaries of basins were determined using aerial photos, imagery data, and topographic maps. Then, hydromorphometric and hydrologic parameters such as length of each river network, the number of networks, basin area, the main channel length of each basin and their fractal dimensions were measured. Results showed the basin of Esjil and Torough Rivers indicate highest and lowest fractal dimension respectively. The results also indicated a significant and meaningful relationship between fractal dimensions of basins, drainage networks, forms, final patterns and morphometric characteristics. Moreover, we found an inverse relationship between the fractal dimension and the area of basins under study. Accordingly, Esjil basin with the lowest area (226.79 km) shows the highest river bifurcation fractal dimension of (3.21) while Torogh basin with the greatest basin area (2370.4 km) indicates the lowest river bifurcation fractal dimension (1.74). In this context, a positive relationship was observed between morphometric parameters and fractal dimension of river bifurcation and drainage density, so that the greatest correlation coefficient was found between the fractal dimension of river bifurcation and the shape of the basin (0.939). Furthermore, the highest correlation was between the fractal dimension of drainage density and bifurcation ratio (0.937).
پژوهشی
Sayyad Asghari Saraskanroud; Zeinab Doltshahi; Mehdi Pourahamad
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 21-41
Abstract
According to the economic and industrial growth and the production of different kinds of compounds and chemical materials which provided by human for their welfare using natural resources and in this direction , they came undesirably materials such as toxic and heavy metals into nature which result in ...
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According to the economic and industrial growth and the production of different kinds of compounds and chemical materials which provided by human for their welfare using natural resources and in this direction , they came undesirably materials such as toxic and heavy metals into nature which result in serious risks and problems for both them and their surrounding environment. The research area of this, study is the city of Khorramabad that is located in west of Iran, central of Lorestan province; In this study, in order to determine the quality of drinking water of studied area, 23 fountains and wells circles related with heavy elements including (chrome, molybdenum, copper, zinc, barium, cobalt, aluminum, lead, cadmium, nickel) during three years (2011-2013) was used. In order to determine the rate of minimum and maximum concentration of elements among studied area’s fountains and wells, Excel software was used. Then, in the software of geographic information system (GIS), The map interpolation method of each heavy elements in each supplier resources of drinking water has produced and amount of each element and parameter and stated amounts by Iran national organization, world Health organization (WHO), America’s environment organization (EPA) have been compared and the rate of pollution of each water resource should be determined. With respect to present data or information, the rate of maximum and minimum of heavy pollutions and elements in each of studied water resources determined. the results showed that the concentration mean of chrome, molybdenum, copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, cadmium and nickel is lower than national standards level, world health organization (WHO) and America’s standard (EPA), but in Motahari’s fountain, the rate of chrome heavy metal is higher than standard level (WHO). The mean of barium element concentration in resources was lower than national standard level and was higher than standard level (WHO) and (EPA) standard in all resources. The concentration of aluminum element is lower than national standard and is higher than standard level (EPA).
پژوهشی
Abbass Malian; Ali Mohammadi; Abbass Alimohammadi; Jalal Valiallahi
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 43-62
Abstract
Gradual drying of Urmia Lake has become a national and international challenge. In recent decades, unsustainable agricultural and industrial development together with uncontrolled exploitation of aquifers are major causes of Urmia Lake drying. In this study, the change detection and monitoring of Urmia ...
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Gradual drying of Urmia Lake has become a national and international challenge. In recent decades, unsustainable agricultural and industrial development together with uncontrolled exploitation of aquifers are major causes of Urmia Lake drying. In this study, the change detection and monitoring of Urmia Lake and its environment during a period of 60 years has been conducted by integrating geospatial information system, remote sensing and photogrammetry. To achieve this objective, aerial photogrammetric data of the region captured in 1955 and the oldest topographic map of Urmia Lake area, digital elevation model data (DEM) of the study area, collected information about water wells around the west part of the Lake, water quality data and multi temporal satellite imageries of Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM + and Landsat 8 OLI were used. Study is performed within a period from 1955 to 2014. Twelve different images at different epochs were processed. The results show that the area of the environment surrounding Urmia Lake has been extensively changed in recent years. In other words, the Lake area of about 451,800 hectares in 1955 has been affected by various factors and decreased to 89,730 hectare in 2014. The research results also indicated that the largest change in Urmia Lake environment has occurred in its southern part. Moreover, regression of the extracted information applied to the coastal zone of the Lake showed that the lowering rate of the lake water level is directly related to the expansion of agricultural lands around the Lake and inversely dependent to the electrical conductivity (EC) of Lake water. These fluctuations can be important implications for environmental, economical and social problems. If the current trend of Urmia Lake and its environmental changes remains as it currently is, it can be predicted that Urmia Lake will be completely dried and its surrounding area will wholly convert to salty lands by 2033.
پژوهشی
Mehdi Komasi; Soroush Sharghi; Vahid Nourani
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 63-86
Abstract
Time series analysis of hydrological processes plays an important role in accurate recognition of this process. Wavelet-entropy index is a new indicator to assess the fluctuations of time series. In this paper, the effective factor in groundwater level declining in the Silakhor plain is examined using ...
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Time series analysis of hydrological processes plays an important role in accurate recognition of this process. Wavelet-entropy index is a new indicator to assess the fluctuations of time series. In this paper, the effective factor in groundwater level declining in the Silakhor plain is examined using wavelet-entropy index. Generally, wavelet-entropy index reduction or time series complexity reduction of a phenomenon, indicates the reduction in time series natural fluctuations and thus the occurrence of an unfavorable trend in time series. In this way, to identify the main cause of declining aquifer water table, firstly, monthly time series of precipitation, temperature and rivers flow of this plain divided into shorter time periods and then, each of these time series were decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet transform and then, normalized wavelet energies were calculated for these decomposed time series and finally, wavelet-entropy index was calculated for each three different time periods. The results of wavelet-entropy index analysis reflect the fact that, the complexity reduction of the flow time series about 71% is more effective on groundwater time series complexity reducing compared to the complexity reduction of the precipitation and temperature time series about 13% and 10.5% respectively. This result indicates the primacy of the human factors compared with the climate change factors impacts in declining the groundwater level in this plain.
پژوهشی
Nasrollah Kalantari; Mehran Mehdipour; Valiollah Hamrayan Azad
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 87-112
Abstract
Gardab spring with an average annual discharge of 330 lit/s is counted as one of the important Karstic springs in the Andimeshk City. The aim of this study is surveying geological structures, morphological features and determination of factors affecting the manner of appearance, recharge and turbidity ...
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Gardab spring with an average annual discharge of 330 lit/s is counted as one of the important Karstic springs in the Andimeshk City. The aim of this study is surveying geological structures, morphological features and determination of factors affecting the manner of appearance, recharge and turbidity of the Gardab spring. In this regard stratigraphic studies, lithology, structural and morphological works have been done. The data obtained show that fractures, the Balarud faulting zone, faults in the region and the Chalab doline have basic roles in occurrence, recharge, turbidity and water transmission from the Chaoni Mountain and a part of the northwest of the Kooshab anticline to the Gardab (Mongereh) spring. Though, the topography and gradient of the Chaoni mountains are towards the Mongreh spring and convey water in the direction of it, but the main parameter governing water convey and turbidity are the Mongreh, Chareh and Verna faults. Based on gathered information, turbidity of the Gardab spring during rainfall is due to the Chalab doline.
پژوهشی
Hossein Asakereh; Faramarz Khoshakhlag; zeanab shamohamadi
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 113-137
Abstract
North Atlantic oscillation effective pattern of variability of atmospheric general circulation in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere are the main climatic factors that control precipitation and temperature. They have huge economic and social impacts and also on the energy section, agriculture, ...
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North Atlantic oscillation effective pattern of variability of atmospheric general circulation in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere are the main climatic factors that control precipitation and temperature. They have huge economic and social impacts and also on the energy section, agriculture, industry and so son. Considering the importance of the oscillation on human activities and its relationship with climatic elements including precipitation, we identified and analyzed the positive phase of the oscillation and its subsequent relationship with winter rainfall in Iran. Data needed for this study included measurements of the amount of rainfall on a daily basis in synoptic stations, Climate and rain gauge data for the entire country in the years 1340-1388 were used, the sources of which are Meteorological Organization and the Ministry of Energy. By the use of multivariate statistical methods and Matlab, Surfer and Grads software the extraction of synoptic patterns. The results indicated five patterns extractions despite the stable condition in five patterns of the earth's surface in this phase, and the measurement of atmospheric precipitation that justifies this subject, was done by using patterns in 500 hpa level. Iran is located in the axis of cyclone related to the Mediterranean basin. Therefore, atmospheric precipitation in the whole country was dominated by the low pressure occurrence in winter.
پژوهشی
Siavash Shayan; Mojtaba Yamani; Manizheh Yadegari
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 139-158
Abstract
Geomorphological features are the basis of natural resources evaluation in the watersheds. These features are affected by many factors such as climate and soil, hydrology, ecology, geology etc. Drainage network in this area was different according to the amount and performance of processes and has different ...
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Geomorphological features are the basis of natural resources evaluation in the watersheds. These features are affected by many factors such as climate and soil, hydrology, ecology, geology etc. Drainage network in this area was different according to the amount and performance of processes and has different effects on their surroundings. Sinkholes are located on the way of this drainage network. In association with the occurrence, the researchers have counting on this subject that the change of soil parameters, indiscriminate harvesting from groundwater, drilling of illegal wells and activity of Shahid-Mofateh thermal power plant are the most important factors for the appearance of these profound sinkholes in the plains of this state. The aim of this study is examining the characteristics of the drainage networks in this region, and study their role in the creating of subsidence in this region. For this purpose all information on geology, hydrology, hydrogeological and geographical data in this area were collected and analyzed. Drainage networks, lithology, slope and elevation of this region were drawn by using of digital topographic maps of 1:50000, geological of 1:100000, DEM and also pictures of Google Earth. Then to evaluate annual changes of runoff we used experimental method of Justin and Katain. The results indicate that the dissimilar changes in morphometric data of drainage network in this area due to the climatic and geological conditions, were most important factors in the intensification of decrease of soil humidity, subterranean water and occurrence of subsidence in this region. Human factors and the over use of water sources were effective in the intensification of subsidence.
پژوهشی
Ata Ghafari Gilandeh; Behrooz Sobhani; Elnaz Ostadi Babakandi
Volume 3, Issue 9 , March 2017, Pages 159-175
Abstract
Flooding is a major natural disaster. This phenomenon becomes more important when it is occurring especially in the city. Therefore, prevention of the communities from the impacts is inevitable. The high level of awareness of potential runoff area for flood management is important. Given this importance, ...
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Flooding is a major natural disaster. This phenomenon becomes more important when it is occurring especially in the city. Therefore, prevention of the communities from the impacts is inevitable. The high level of awareness of potential runoff area for flood management is important. Given this importance, this paper deals with the calculation of runoff with SCS method in Meshkinshahr city and its surrounding area, For this purpose, we used GIS software and the accession of the ARC-HYDRO, especially Arc-CN-RUNOFF software. Finally, the layers of soil hydrologic group, the integration of land use and rainfall averages were compared with the index table, then the resulting map was obtained. Curve number Map (CN), which was proportional to the permeability of the 20 classes. Curve No (32) for areas with high permeability and low runoff and curve number is high (98) for areas with low permeability and high runoff. Dimensional map of the height map is runoff from zero to areas with very high permeability and high runoff starts 99/0, including the use of low permeability to continue. Check the map showed that both CN and RUN-OFF lot to do with the type of the user, so that the use of man-made and synthetic runoff curve number and height are more.
