Document Type : پژوهشی
Authors
1 School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
2 School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan
3 Faculty of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
4 Organization of Agriculture Jihad, Damghan, Iran
Abstract
1-Introduction
One of the most important issues, facing the human society and environment, is water resources management. Regarding the drought, this issue turns to a serious challenge for decision makers, and affect the the people more than other natural hazards (Hagman, 1984). Normally, drought occurs in all climatic conditions (Dai, 2010). Through the current research, we try to investigate drought in Lurestan Province using Percent of Normal precipitation Index (PNI) which evaluates meteorological drought (Hayes, 2006; Zargar et al., 2011). Lurestan Province located in the western Iran, and has an area of about 29,308 Km2. Geographically, it sits between northern latitudes of 32֯ 38' 39" and 34֯ 24' 17" and between eastern longitudes of 46֯ 52' 14" and 50֯ 01' 59". Climatic differences has led to the emergence of three conspicuous climates: (1) mountainous cold climate in the northern and eastern parts, (2) temperate climate in central parts, and (3) warm climate in the south and southeastern parts.
2-Methodology
The meteorological drought intensity is evaluated through different methods including Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Percent of Normal Index (PNI), Deciles Index (DI), Effective Drought Index (EDI), China-Z (CZI), Modified China-Z (MCZI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), Z-Score Index (ZSI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), (Willeke et al., 1994; Byun and Wilhite, 1999; Hayes, 2006; Salehnia et al., 2017). To evaluate drought, a period of thirty-year (1988 – 2017) data were adopted from nine synoptic weather stations including Khorramabad, Borujerd, Aligudarz, Aleshtar, Noorabad, Poldokhtar, Kohdasht, Azna, and Dorud. For calculating PNI, the following equation has been applied (equ.1):
PNI=P/P ̅ *100 (1)
where PNI stands for Percent of Normal precipitation Index, P for annual precipitation (mm), P ̅ for average precipitation of the thirty-year period. PNI (%) ≤110 represents Moderately to Extremely wet climate, 80-110 Normal, 55-80 Moderately dry, 40-55 Very dry, and 40≥ Extremely dry (Morid et al., 2006).
3-Resultsand Discussion
Considering 67 years recorded data for Khorramabad, 32 years for Aligudarz, and 30 years for borujerd, these stations are considered as milestones to reconstruct the data for stations with lack of data for the thirty-year period of study. For other stations, 13 to 17 years of data were reconstructed (Table 1). To find the best reference station for incomplete stations, geographic and climatic resemblance with the stations of complete thirty-year period data was considered. Temperature, precipitation, De Martonne aridity index, and climatic classification by Iran Meteorological Organization (IMO) were evaluated for all stations to find similarities.
Table (1): Reconstructed years of data for each station based on geographic and climatic resemblance with the stations of complete thirty-year period data.
De Martonne classificat-ion
IMO classification
Avail-able years
Reconstr-ucted years
Station
21.3
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, warm summer, moderately cold winter
67
0
Khorramabad
17.8
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, temperate summer, very cold winter
17
13
Azna
18.4
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, temperate summer, very cold winter
32
0
Aligudarz
7.55
Dry or Arid
Moderately wet, warm summer, cold winter
17
13
Dorud
18.4
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, warm summer, moderately cold winter
30
0
Borujerd
18.6
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, temperate summer, cold winter
20
10
Aleshtar
19.5
Semi-arid
Moderately wet, temperate summer, very cold winter
17
13
Noorabad
14.8
Semi-arid to Arid
Moderately wet, warm summer, cold winter
20
10
Kuhdasht
10.9
Dry or Arid
Moderately wet, very warm summer, moderately cold winter
19
11
Poldokhtar
4-Conclusion
None of stations show Extreme drought. Severe drought is observed in 6 stations with little percentages (3.3-6.6%). Weak droughts has been recorded between 6.6 to 30% in all stations (Table 2). Therefore, dried 80% of springs and rivers in Lurestan could not be solely resulted from meteorological drought in Lurestan. The role of water management in creating this crisis should not be neglected.
Table (2): Percentage of different intensities of drought in the studied stations
Moderately to Extremely dry
Normal
Moderately dry
Very dry
Extermely dry
Station
23.3
43.3
30
3.3
0
Khorramabad
30
40
23
6.6
0
Azna
26.6
43.3
23.3
6.6
0
Aligudarz
20
66.3
6.6
6.6
0
Dorud
30
50
20
0
0
Borujerd
36.6
46.6
16.6
0
0
Aleshtar
36.6
36.6
26.6
0
0
Noorabad
33.3
40
20
6.6
0
Kuhdasht
26.6
50
16.6
6.6
0
Poldokhtar
Keywords: Meteorological drought, Drought intensity, drought prediction, Lurestan
5- References
Byun, H. R., Wilhite, D. A. 1999. Objective quantification of drought severity and duration. Journal of Climate, 12(9): 2747–2756.
Dai, A. (2011), Drought under global warming: a review. WIREs Clim Change, 2: 45-65. doi:10.1002/wcc.81
De Martonne, E. (1926). Aerisme, et índices d’aridite. Comptesrendus de L’Academie des Sciences, 182: 1395– 1398.
Hagman, G. (1984). Prevention Better than Cure: Report on Human and Natural Disasters in the Third World, Stockholm: Swedish Red Cross.
Hayes MJ. Drought indices. What Is Drought? Lincoln, Nebraska: National Drought Mitigation Center, 2006. Available at: http://drought.unl.edu/whatis/indices.htm.
Salehnia, N., Alizadeh, A., Sanaeinejad, H., Bannayan, M., Zarrin, A., & Hoogenboom, G. (2017). Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on AgMERRA precipitation data and station-observed precipitation data. Journal of Arid Land, 9(6): 797-809.
Willeke, G., Hosking, J. R. M., Wallis, J. R. (1994). The national drought atlas. In: Institute for Water Resources Report 94-NDS-4. U.S Army Corp of Engineers, CD-ROM. Norfolk, VA.
Zargar, A., Sadiq, R., Naser, B., & Khan, F. I. (2011). A review of drought indices. Environmental Reviews, 19(NA): 333-349.
Keywords
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