University of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522A Study and Zoning of the Areas Prone to Flooding with an Emphasis on Urban Floods (Case Study: City of Maku)A Study and Zoning of the Areas Prone to Flooding with an Emphasis on Urban Floods (Case Study: City of Maku)1243535FAJournal Article20141101
Among all natural disasters floods inflict the greatest damages to agriculture, fisheries, housing and infrastructure seriously affecting the social and economic activities of many people around the world. The many floods which have struck the city of Maku, especially northern mountainous sub basins, leaving behind financial losses and damages to human lives indicates a necessity of an integrate study about flooding in the upstream basins of the region. In this study, first, physiographic characteristics of the study area were determined by using satellite imagery, GIS and WMS analytic functions. Then, the flood zone area was identified, with emphasis on the city of Maku, and finally, the stream flooding was analyzed in the city skeleton. The results showed that rough topography, low thickness of the separate elements on bed rock and their low capacity for water storage, poor vegetation, violating the flood boundaries and changing them to artificial land, provides the conditions for the devastating floods especially during the showery precipitation in the dry seasons. As the findings show the runoff from a rainfall with the 120 mm/h intensity was estimated about 2.5 million m<sup>3</sup>, that 338000 m<sup>3</sup> of it was obtained from the small watershed areas overlooking the city.
Among all natural disasters floods inflict the greatest damages to agriculture, fisheries, housing and infrastructure seriously affecting the social and economic activities of many people around the world. The many floods which have struck the city of Maku, especially northern mountainous sub basins, leaving behind financial losses and damages to human lives indicates a necessity of an integrate study about flooding in the upstream basins of the region. In this study, first, physiographic characteristics of the study area were determined by using satellite imagery, GIS and WMS analytic functions. Then, the flood zone area was identified, with emphasis on the city of Maku, and finally, the stream flooding was analyzed in the city skeleton. The results showed that rough topography, low thickness of the separate elements on bed rock and their low capacity for water storage, poor vegetation, violating the flood boundaries and changing them to artificial land, provides the conditions for the devastating floods especially during the showery precipitation in the dry seasons. As the findings show the runoff from a rainfall with the 120 mm/h intensity was estimated about 2.5 million m<sup>3</sup>, that 338000 m<sup>3</sup> of it was obtained from the small watershed areas overlooking the city.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3535_54c32263217f3aae1f4c484561bb8f3d.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Detecting the Changes in the River Bed and the River Morphology Based on Geological Structures (Case Study: Zarrineh River)Detecting the Changes in the River Bed and the River Morphology Based on Geological Structures (Case Study: Zarrineh River)25403537FAJournal Article20141204Because of providing proper living conditions, high soil fertility and accessibility to water resources fluvial environments have always been considered as desirable areas for human beings. Such areas, especially the stream environments have also been dynamic areas in terms of erosion processes. A study of bank erosions, sedimentation and changes occurring in the current river beds, streams patterns and the like can be an important contribution to the field of nature management. This study has tried to use satellite imagery (Landsat), topographic and geological data, to investigate and assess the morphological changes which have occurred at two parts of the Zarine River (Jigatoo River). ArcGIS and ENVI software were the most important tools which were used to prepare and extract data in this study. According to the results, the second part of the area under study, which is located in a plain area, has been severely affected by the faults, and the direction of the river flow was forced to change path at several points following a fault path. The river pattern at this area is direct and in some cases the sinusoidal in sectors has been affected by the fault, while the general pattern is meander in other parts of the river. In the three time periods considered for the study both intervals number 1 and 2 of the riverbed area show reduction. This is to say that the area of the riverbed has reached 5.6 sq. km to 5.43 sq. km in the part of 1 and 6/19 km to 4.87 in the part 2. The river bank erosion rate between 1975 -1989 and 1989 - 2010 is respectively approximately 4.2 sq. km and 2.44 sq. km in part 1. This value for the second interval is respectively 2 and 1.49 sq. km. As a result of this destruction the large parts of the riverbed has dried due to redirection and relocation or has turned into meander lakes on the margins being respectively 3.44 and 2.48 sq. km in part 1and 3.29 and 1.52 is km in part 2 for the years 1975 to 1989 and 1989 to 2010.Because of providing proper living conditions, high soil fertility and accessibility to water resources fluvial environments have always been considered as desirable areas for human beings. Such areas, especially the stream environments have also been dynamic areas in terms of erosion processes. A study of bank erosions, sedimentation and changes occurring in the current river beds, streams patterns and the like can be an important contribution to the field of nature management. This study has tried to use satellite imagery (Landsat), topographic and geological data, to investigate and assess the morphological changes which have occurred at two parts of the Zarine River (Jigatoo River). ArcGIS and ENVI software were the most important tools which were used to prepare and extract data in this study. According to the results, the second part of the area under study, which is located in a plain area, has been severely affected by the faults, and the direction of the river flow was forced to change path at several points following a fault path. The river pattern at this area is direct and in some cases the sinusoidal in sectors has been affected by the fault, while the general pattern is meander in other parts of the river. In the three time periods considered for the study both intervals number 1 and 2 of the riverbed area show reduction. This is to say that the area of the riverbed has reached 5.6 sq. km to 5.43 sq. km in the part of 1 and 6/19 km to 4.87 in the part 2. The river bank erosion rate between 1975 -1989 and 1989 - 2010 is respectively approximately 4.2 sq. km and 2.44 sq. km in part 1. This value for the second interval is respectively 2 and 1.49 sq. km. As a result of this destruction the large parts of the riverbed has dried due to redirection and relocation or has turned into meander lakes on the margins being respectively 3.44 and 2.48 sq. km in part 1and 3.29 and 1.52 is km in part 2 for the years 1975 to 1989 and 1989 to 2010.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3537_0350c84b574cede6e5f47b2ade64ba55.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Determining Factors in the Evolution of Geomorphology Fan and the Basin of Usko ChayDetermining Factors in the Evolution of Geomorphology Fan and the Basin of Usko Chay41663538FAJournal Article20141124The rivers are sensitive to tectonic movements and there is a close relationship between the river landforms and such movements. Geomorphic indexes are used as tools to specify the new constructions and active workings of such movements. Due to active tectonic movements in Usku Chay’s basin which are visible in the river traces, unconformity fault, and etc. indexes coherent to measurement of active tectonic have been calculated. In this study the indicators such as (SL), index asymmetry (AF), index canal width indicator of the valley floor to its height (VF), the index ratio of width of river floor to altitude (BS) and indicators of the extent of the fan (AF) and SF Fan that shows the relationship between the extent of the fan and a basin were used and the influence in the formation of tectonic fans, (the slope and spread) was calculated. All these indexes were extracted from geology and topography maps and were then entered to GIS to calculate the indicators and were categorized as high, medium and low tectonic activities. The results obtained from the analysis of topographic data, geomorphological evidence from field observations, and the values obtained from the geomorphic indicators, and survey evidence suggests that are neo tectonic activity in the basin and the area classified in Class LAT depicts a high activity, and coins are formed in the active tectonic basin. Quantitative values obtained from geomorphic indicators are confirmed by regional geomorphic signifiers.The rivers are sensitive to tectonic movements and there is a close relationship between the river landforms and such movements. Geomorphic indexes are used as tools to specify the new constructions and active workings of such movements. Due to active tectonic movements in Usku Chay’s basin which are visible in the river traces, unconformity fault, and etc. indexes coherent to measurement of active tectonic have been calculated. In this study the indicators such as (SL), index asymmetry (AF), index canal width indicator of the valley floor to its height (VF), the index ratio of width of river floor to altitude (BS) and indicators of the extent of the fan (AF) and SF Fan that shows the relationship between the extent of the fan and a basin were used and the influence in the formation of tectonic fans, (the slope and spread) was calculated. All these indexes were extracted from geology and topography maps and were then entered to GIS to calculate the indicators and were categorized as high, medium and low tectonic activities. The results obtained from the analysis of topographic data, geomorphological evidence from field observations, and the values obtained from the geomorphic indicators, and survey evidence suggests that are neo tectonic activity in the basin and the area classified in Class LAT depicts a high activity, and coins are formed in the active tectonic basin. Quantitative values obtained from geomorphic indicators are confirmed by regional geomorphic signifiers.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3538_6a58aa8ae5995d3693b33abd86eabcd5.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Monitoring and Predicting the Wet and Drought Periods in Tabriz Using CLIMGEN Models and SPIMonitoring and Predicting the Wet and Drought Periods in Tabriz Using CLIMGEN Models and SPI61783539FAJournal Article20150108The weather forecast data plays an important role in future planning in the natural and human fields. This includes the forecast of droughts and floods, etc., which can reduce potential damages that threaten the preplanned programs. Using CLIMGEN and meteorological data (1961-2009) of Tabriz station, this study forecasted the meteorological data for the years 2000- 2009. Next, the correlation between the data and the observed data of SPSS16 was observed. Then, based on the correlation between observed and simulated data, a prediction was made for the meteorological data of Tabriz region during the period between 2016- 2040. Finally, the wet and drought periods during the study were calculated by SPI and were simulated. The results showed the steady diminishing of rainfall trend in the two periods of 1961-2009 and 2016-2040. On the other hand, the predicted period has shown a rise compared to the wet and drought periods being far from normal. For the year 2040 in the region, general circulation models of the atmosphere HADCM2 and A1BAIM scenario were modeled and MAGICC-SCENGEN for Exponential Scale Tiny data output with a resolution 2.5 to 2.5 general circulation models were used. The results obtained by the use of the model indicate a reduction in the rainfall and an increase in temperatures in the area under study.The weather forecast data plays an important role in future planning in the natural and human fields. This includes the forecast of droughts and floods, etc., which can reduce potential damages that threaten the preplanned programs. Using CLIMGEN and meteorological data (1961-2009) of Tabriz station, this study forecasted the meteorological data for the years 2000- 2009. Next, the correlation between the data and the observed data of SPSS16 was observed. Then, based on the correlation between observed and simulated data, a prediction was made for the meteorological data of Tabriz region during the period between 2016- 2040. Finally, the wet and drought periods during the study were calculated by SPI and were simulated. The results showed the steady diminishing of rainfall trend in the two periods of 1961-2009 and 2016-2040. On the other hand, the predicted period has shown a rise compared to the wet and drought periods being far from normal. For the year 2040 in the region, general circulation models of the atmosphere HADCM2 and A1BAIM scenario were modeled and MAGICC-SCENGEN for Exponential Scale Tiny data output with a resolution 2.5 to 2.5 general circulation models were used. The results obtained by the use of the model indicate a reduction in the rainfall and an increase in temperatures in the area under study.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3539_bd4808b168fc63531f9d11530327fe5e.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Evaluating the Quality of Mehraban Plain Groundwater Resources Using GQI and FGQI MethodsEvaluating the Quality of Mehraban Plain Groundwater Resources Using GQI and FGQI Methods79983540FAJournal Article20150112Mehraban Plain is located in the eastern part of the East Azarbaijan province. In this plain groundwater resources are the main source of water supply for drinking. In this area the bedrock of the aquifer and its surrounding high lands are mainly formed by Neogene sediments including gypsy and salty marls, sand, silt-marl, conglomerate and limestone. Compared to other plains of the West Azarbaijan province, this plain is in a much more critical condition due to its groundwater quality and quantity. Some of the high populated villages are using the desalinated product water which is installed in Arbatan village to supply their drinking water, therefore, monitoring and evaluation of water quality in this area is very important. Common methods for examining groundwater quality for drinking purpose such as Schoeller diagram provide point assessment of groundwater quality with respect to chemical parameters. Other important indices for groundwater evaluating and quality zoning are GQI and FGQI methods. The aim of this study is to apply GQI and FGQI methods for the assessment of groundwater quality in Mehraban Plain according to WHO and ISIRI standards. For this purpose ten affective chemical parameters (TDS, K+,HCO-3, F-,NO2-3, Ca2+, Mg2+ ,Na+, Cl-, SO42-), with high concentrations in groundwater, and high efficiency were used and compared with WHO and ISIRI standards. The results of this study showed that according to the GQI and FGQI indices the groundwater quality is accounted between unfavorable up to suitable in the area under study.Mehraban Plain is located in the eastern part of the East Azarbaijan province. In this plain groundwater resources are the main source of water supply for drinking. In this area the bedrock of the aquifer and its surrounding high lands are mainly formed by Neogene sediments including gypsy and salty marls, sand, silt-marl, conglomerate and limestone. Compared to other plains of the West Azarbaijan province, this plain is in a much more critical condition due to its groundwater quality and quantity. Some of the high populated villages are using the desalinated product water which is installed in Arbatan village to supply their drinking water, therefore, monitoring and evaluation of water quality in this area is very important. Common methods for examining groundwater quality for drinking purpose such as Schoeller diagram provide point assessment of groundwater quality with respect to chemical parameters. Other important indices for groundwater evaluating and quality zoning are GQI and FGQI methods. The aim of this study is to apply GQI and FGQI methods for the assessment of groundwater quality in Mehraban Plain according to WHO and ISIRI standards. For this purpose ten affective chemical parameters (TDS, K+,HCO-3, F-,NO2-3, Ca2+, Mg2+ ,Na+, Cl-, SO42-), with high concentrations in groundwater, and high efficiency were used and compared with WHO and ISIRI standards. The results of this study showed that according to the GQI and FGQI indices the groundwater quality is accounted between unfavorable up to suitable in the area under study.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3540_c3c5cc2e758f13bf7dbc463feb92b2e7.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Qualitative Assessment of Land Suitability for Cultivation of Wheat in Shir Dar Kola Watershed Using GISQualitative Assessment of Land Suitability for Cultivation of Wheat in Shir Dar Kola Watershed Using GIS991153541FAJournal Article20150123In order to use the best of any land patch, planners are often required to make decisions in short periods of time to create environmental and economic competitions which will lead to sustainable development. In this regard, a series of land use suitability maps would be very efficient. In the ideal case, these maps should be compiled and finally integrated through a complex process. Using instructions by FAO land evaluation and tables of soil and climate requirements for wheat production in the geographic information system (GIS), this study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of qualitative land suitability for the current and future production of dry land wheat in Shir Dar Kola watershed. The results indicated that the watershed’s climate, soil moisture regime, and soil hydrology, as the most important criteria for land suitability, and limiting features like rocky outcrops, steeps and slopes, and water erosion are high. The information obtained in the assessment of the current land suitability show that 12% of the land area is suitable for dry land cultivation (S1), 15% is moderately suitable (S2) and 73% is unsuitable (N2). For any future planning 19% of the land area were diagnosed to be suitable for dry land cultivation (S1), while 8% had average suitability (S2) and 73% were unsuitable (N2). The findings also show that the mountainous terrain has the ability to be used as pasture. Despite being mountainous the hills have the availability be become pastures as well. And all the upper terraced land has the potential for dry land and irrigated agriculture if the water supplies are provided.In order to use the best of any land patch, planners are often required to make decisions in short periods of time to create environmental and economic competitions which will lead to sustainable development. In this regard, a series of land use suitability maps would be very efficient. In the ideal case, these maps should be compiled and finally integrated through a complex process. Using instructions by FAO land evaluation and tables of soil and climate requirements for wheat production in the geographic information system (GIS), this study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of qualitative land suitability for the current and future production of dry land wheat in Shir Dar Kola watershed. The results indicated that the watershed’s climate, soil moisture regime, and soil hydrology, as the most important criteria for land suitability, and limiting features like rocky outcrops, steeps and slopes, and water erosion are high. The information obtained in the assessment of the current land suitability show that 12% of the land area is suitable for dry land cultivation (S1), 15% is moderately suitable (S2) and 73% is unsuitable (N2). For any future planning 19% of the land area were diagnosed to be suitable for dry land cultivation (S1), while 8% had average suitability (S2) and 73% were unsuitable (N2). The findings also show that the mountainous terrain has the ability to be used as pasture. Despite being mountainous the hills have the availability be become pastures as well. And all the upper terraced land has the potential for dry land and irrigated agriculture if the water supplies are provided.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3541_80ebf33ba219a948a91abe5a38a06180.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522The Role of Greenhouse Gases in the Kashkan River's Discharge FluctuationThe Role of Greenhouse Gases in the Kashkan River's Discharge Fluctuation1171353542FAJournal Article20150209The aim of this research is to investigate the correlation of greenhouse gases-carbon dioxide and methane - as elements of global warming on the Kashkan River’s discharge values. The data used in this study consist of seasonal and annual data of greenhouse gases and Kashkan River’s debby between 1984 to 2010, using Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression and Man-Kendal graphic method. The results show a strong negative correlation between the rate of global warming and the Kashkan River. This process has been intensified over the last 15 years, and from 1995 onwards the Kashkan River’s discharge has faced a sharp decline. Study of the changes in the annual runoff discharge strongly indicates an inverse relationship between global warming and Kashkan River flow; so that 2/55 of the annual discharge decrease in Kashkan River’s basin is the result of the global warming. Global warming has also affected the seasonal scale of Kashkan River’s discharge. The results show a reduction of discharge by 7/47 in summer, 6/45 in autumn, 38 percent in spring and 1/33 percent in winter. Finally, the use of exponential regression model predicted that if the global warming continues with the same scale, the average annual flow of the river will be below 10 cubic meters per second in the next 30 years, i.e. is till 2040.The aim of this research is to investigate the correlation of greenhouse gases-carbon dioxide and methane - as elements of global warming on the Kashkan River’s discharge values. The data used in this study consist of seasonal and annual data of greenhouse gases and Kashkan River’s debby between 1984 to 2010, using Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression and Man-Kendal graphic method. The results show a strong negative correlation between the rate of global warming and the Kashkan River. This process has been intensified over the last 15 years, and from 1995 onwards the Kashkan River’s discharge has faced a sharp decline. Study of the changes in the annual runoff discharge strongly indicates an inverse relationship between global warming and Kashkan River flow; so that 2/55 of the annual discharge decrease in Kashkan River’s basin is the result of the global warming. Global warming has also affected the seasonal scale of Kashkan River’s discharge. The results show a reduction of discharge by 7/47 in summer, 6/45 in autumn, 38 percent in spring and 1/33 percent in winter. Finally, the use of exponential regression model predicted that if the global warming continues with the same scale, the average annual flow of the river will be below 10 cubic meters per second in the next 30 years, i.e. is till 2040.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3542_57945b362f02ce9565c41318072deaee.pdfUniversity of TabrizJournal of Hydrogeomorphology2383-32542220150522Determining the Erosion in Kahman Drainage Basin Using EPM, BLM and Fargas ModelsDetermining the Erosion in Kahman Drainage Basin Using EPM, BLM and Fargas Models1371543543FAJournal Article20150309<strong>Abstract</strong>
Sediment yield is one of the important results of soil erosion, that causes on-side and off-site effect. Considering that each year thousands tons of soil from different lands of our country become out of access due to erosion and accumulation in sedimentation areas causing considerable damage, it is necessary to identify the potential sediment yield areas, determine the critical areas and employ proper classification, to plan for soil conservation or watershed management. In this study, three models, including EPM, BLM and Fargas, were used for estimating and zoning the erosion and sediment to identify and introduce proper action model to evaluate models for zoning erosion in Kahman drainage basin. The validation of the EPM model showed that this model is not proper for this drainage basin because it showed the amount of sediment estimate more than the actual amount. Based on EPM model the total sediment in drainage basin was estimated 181320/6 cubic meters per year. But based on the information from the hydrometric stations in the area under study, the actual sediment is 75416/8 cubic meters per year. Also, according to field observations of erosion in the area under study, available erosion does not match the obtained erosion from the Fargas model but the BLM model matches the erosion of the drainage basin more.<strong>Abstract</strong>
Sediment yield is one of the important results of soil erosion, that causes on-side and off-site effect. Considering that each year thousands tons of soil from different lands of our country become out of access due to erosion and accumulation in sedimentation areas causing considerable damage, it is necessary to identify the potential sediment yield areas, determine the critical areas and employ proper classification, to plan for soil conservation or watershed management. In this study, three models, including EPM, BLM and Fargas, were used for estimating and zoning the erosion and sediment to identify and introduce proper action model to evaluate models for zoning erosion in Kahman drainage basin. The validation of the EPM model showed that this model is not proper for this drainage basin because it showed the amount of sediment estimate more than the actual amount. Based on EPM model the total sediment in drainage basin was estimated 181320/6 cubic meters per year. But based on the information from the hydrometric stations in the area under study, the actual sediment is 75416/8 cubic meters per year. Also, according to field observations of erosion in the area under study, available erosion does not match the obtained erosion from the Fargas model but the BLM model matches the erosion of the drainage basin more.https://hyd.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_3543_e32d099f0e2c62ee40b41b77c2b77850.pdf